Just a few Questions to those that have a clear understanding of the life and Human rights of Any individual, How is it legal for the Bahamians to punish and try to Embarrass me because i choose someone of my own free will, how is it legal for people to try and force me to sleep around to make them say i will enjoy them when never have or will ever? How is it Legal known about supported and helped for women and men to rob me because i dont choose them? how can people try to set up how to get me bitten or try to knock or try to publicly get away with trying to intimidate me or threaten to kill who i choose when the only reason i dont break jaws is because family in public politics? law enforcement has hackers forcing people to sleep around and i know that as fact!!! I think its a 99.0002% chance that law Enforcement around the Globe has different units doing this aswell!!!
Kaleidoscope Bible
Kaleidoscope Theory
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Origins
Section 1: Theory of One
Section 2: Intelligent Design
Section 3: The Dimensions and the Multiverse
Section 4: Mighty Youth
Section 5:The Great Betrayl
Section 6: The War
Section 7:Aftermath
Section 8: Revolution
Section 9: The Challenge
Section 10: Unforgiving Crisis
Section 11: Restoration
Section 12: The Peace Process
Section 13: Divine Council
Section 14: Restoration
Section 15: Research
Chapter 2: Divine Gardens
1: Environmental Respect
2: Laws of the garden
3: Competitive Disaster
4: Unity
5: Many sins
6: Fall from grace
7: Banishments
Chapter 3: Fallen Empire
Chapter 4: Persecution
Section 1:
Section 2:Crimes Against Humanity
Section 3:
Section 4:
Section 5:
Section 6:
Section 7:
Section 8: World War 2
Part A: Army of the Pink Triangle
Part B: Alan Turning
Part C: Josephine Baker
Section 9:
Section 10:
Section 11:
Section 12:
Section 13: Stone Wall
Chapter 5: Leadership
Section 1: Leadership
Section 2 : Hermata
Section 3: Kawiya
Section 4: Abati Gizi/ Father Time
Section 5: Ibu Jagat/ Mother Universe
Section 6: Karima
Section 7: Jesus Christ
Section 8: Haile Selassie
Section 9: Mahatma Gandhi
Section 10: Mother Theresa
Section 11: Martin Luther King
Section 12:Emmeline Pankhurst
Section 13: Eleanor Roosevelt
Section 14: Malcom X
Section 15: Claudia Castrosín Verdú
Section 16: Harvey Milk
Section 17: Winston Churchhill
Section 18: Wong Fei Hung
Section 19: Kofi Annan
Section 20: Morihei Ueshiba ( 20 more woman and 10 more men)
Section 21:
Section 22:
Section 23
Section 24:
Section 25:
Section 26:
Section 27
Section 28:
Section 29:
Section 30:
Section 31:
Section 32
Section 33:
Section 34:
Section 35:
Section 36:
Section 37:
Section 38:
Section 39:
Section 40:
Section 41:
Section 42:
Section 43:
Section 44:
Section 45:
Section 46:
Section 47:
Section 48:
Section 49:
Section50:
Chapter 6: Quotes, Poems and Prayers
Section 1 Quotes
Section 2: Poems
Section 3: Prayers
Chapter 7: Vocation
1: Purpose
2: Dedication
3: Discipline
Chapter 8: Dating, Love and Marriage
Section 1: Dating
Section 2: A Comprehension of Love
Section 3: Love Trails
Section 4: Types of Marriage
A) Monogomous
B) Polygamous
Section 5: The Laws of Marriage
Section 6: Tales of Marriage
A:
B:
C:
D:
E:
F:
Chapter 9: Evironmental Awareness
Chapter 10: The growth and maintenance of Medicine (pioneers)
Chapter 11:The ethics and Morals of Science and Discovery
Chapter 12:The Spiritual Energy
Section 1:
Section 8: Mystic Rituals
Section 9: the Study of Chi
Chapter 13: The Ever Expanding Multiverse
Chapter 14: the path to salvation
Chapter 15: Human Rights
Chapter 16: Fighting Extinction
Chapter 17: Allies
Chapter 18: Justice
Chapter 19: Against All Odds
Chapter 20: Peace Architecture
Section 1: Peace Keeping
Section 2: Peace Building
Section 3: Peace Architecture
Chapter 21: Emergency Preparation and Response
Chapter 22: Consious Nutrition
Veganism
Chapter 23: The Children of Eternity
Chapter 1: Theory of 1
Section 1: Theory of One: The birth of existence
Time zero Positive thought emerges and negative thought appears a battle begins and an explosion
occurs the universe begins to form
Grand Creator Hermata started creation in its simplist form and will always be working
towards improving it. Some creations have an Origin that resulted in them starting from
one organism and then multiplying. In humans
Grand Creator Hermata took several steps to guide Evolution
Section 2: Mighty Youth
Diety Family Tree
Children
Hermion- A hermorphadite Diety
Hermaya- A Hermorphadite Diety
Jamoja- A Hermophadite Diety
Section 2: Intelligent Design
Section 3:The Dimensions and the Multiverse
The Dimensions
What is a Dimension? – a Dimension is a Reality,Realm or plane of Existence
What is The Interdimensional hypothesis?
The interdimensional hypothesis(IDHorIH), is an idea advanced by Ufologists such as Jacques
Vallée that says unidentified flying objects (UFOs) and related events involve visitations from other
"realities" or "dimensions" that coexist separately alongside our own.
The Heavens
Dimension 1 contains the Heavens of Hermata and the creators children. This is the Original
Dimension that spawned the other 4 Dimension. It can be said that Time 0 originated here in
Dimension 1 when Grand Creator Hermata the first Diety came into Existence.
Dimension 1 is the birthplace of the Original Dieties and where their separate Heavens Reside after
multiple first generation creations turned on the Dieties the creations were banned from this
Dimension and the other Dimensions were created.
Dimension 2 is the Mythical Realms where the messengers of the Dieties Reside and live out there
existence.
Dimension 3: The Multiverse is the 3 rd Dimension and it is where creations were toned down to
prove moral theories amongst the dieties.In the Dimensions the Mythical realms and The Trail
Domains have Daughter Universes.
The Multiverse
What is the Multiverse Theory?
In science the Multiverse Theory states that there may be multiple or even an infinite number of
universes that together comprise everything that exists: the entirety of space, time, matter, and
energy as well as the physical laws and constants that describe them.
There are at least five theories stating why a multiverse is possible!
The 5 threories are;
1. Infinite universes.
2. Bubble universes.
3. Daughter universes.
4. Mathematical universes.
5. Parallel universes.
1. Infinite universes.
2. Bubble universes.
3. Daughter universes.
The Daughter universes Theory. Or perhaps multiple universes can follow the theory of quantum
mechanics, how subatomic particles behave, as part of the "daughter universe" theory. If you follow
the laws of probability, it suggests that for every outcome that could come from one of your
decisions, there would be a range of universes — each of which saw one outcome come to be. So in
one universe, you took that job to Africa. In another, perhaps you were on your way and your plane
landed somewhere different, and you decided to stay. And so on.
4. Mathematical universes.
5. Parallel universes.
What is a Universe?
A single Universe is all of space and time and their contents, including planets, stars, galaxies, and
all other forms of matter and energy. A single Universe is a big, open place.
What is a Galaxy?
A galaxy is a huge collection of gas, dust, and billions of stars and their solar systems. A galaxy is
held together by gravity. Our galaxy, the Milky Way, also has a supermassive black hole in the
middle.
Some galaxies are spiral-shaped like ours. They have curved arms that make it look like a pinwheel.
Other galaxies are smooth and oval shaped. They’re called elliptical galaxies. And there are also
galaxies that aren’t spirals or ovals. They have irregular shapes and look like blobs. The light that
we see from each of these galaxies comes from the stars inside it.
There are an estimated 100 billion galaxies in the universe, but this number is likely to increase to
about 200 billion as telescope technology in space improves .
Dimension 4
Dimension 4 is Limbo this is where the good athiest and those that are undicided upon go. Limbo is
for those with a 2 nd chance at redemption.
Dimension 5 is Hell was created by the dieties to send those who are pure evil or do great acts of
evil, until they are redeemed or for eternity.
Section 4: Mighty Youth
Section 5:The Great Betrayl
Section 6: The War
Section 7:Aftermath
Section 8: Revolution
Section 9: The Challenge
Section 10: Unforgiving Crisis
Section 11: Restoration
Section 12: The Peace Process
Section 13: Divine Council
Section 14: Restoration
Section 15: Research
According to research, the universe is approximately 13.8 billion years old
THE ORIGIN OF THINGS has always been a central concern for humanity; the origin of the
stones, the animals, the plants, the planets, the stars and we ourselves. Yet the most fundamental
origin of them all would seem to be the origin of the universe as a whole – of everything that exists,
without which there could be none of the creatures and things mentioned above, including
ourselves. Perhaps that is why the existence of the universe, its origin and nature, has been a subject
of explanation in almost all civilizations and cultures. In fact, every culture known to anthropology
has had a cosmogony – a history of how the world began and continues, of how mankind was
created and of what the gods expect of us. The understanding these civilizations had of the universe
is very different to what science teaches us today. However, the absence of a cosmology in these
societies, of some explanation for the world in which we live, would be just as unthinkable as the
absence of language itself
The Heliocentric Model The idea that the Sun is at the centre of the universe and that the Earth
revolves around it, known as the heliocentric theory, was first proposed by Aristarchus of Samos
(320 -350 BC, Greek mathematician and astronomer), who arrived at the notion based on his
estimates of the sizes and distances of the Sun and the Moon. He concluded that the Earth revolves
around the Sun and that the stars compose a fixed and very distant sphere. His theory attracted little
attention, mainly because it contradicted the geocentric theory of Aristotle, then held in the highest
prestige, and because the very idea of the Earth moving about was not particularly appealing.
About two thousand years later, in 1510, Copernicus (Nicolaus Copernicus, 1473 -1543, Polish
astronomer) set down his own heliocentric model in the work Commentariolus, which circulated
anonymously; Copernicus seemed to have foreseen the furore the theory would provoke and only
allowed it to be published after his death. The work was brought out openly for the first time in
1543 under the title De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelesti, and carried a dedication to Pope Paul III.
After the publication of Copernicus’ theory, however, certain technological and scientific advances
rendered it clearly superior to the Ptolemaic system. Tycho Brahe (1546-1601, a Danish
astronomer) played an important role in advancing instrument-based techniques for making precise
measurements with the naked eye, as refracting glasses and telescopes had not yet been invented.
These measurements were roughly ten times more precise than earlier calculations. In 1597 Brahe
moved to Prague, where he hired Johannes Kepler (1571-1630, German mathematician and
astronomer) as his assistant. Later, Kepler was to use Tycho’s measurements to establish his laws of
planetary motion. These laws showed that the planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun at one
focus. With this realization, theoretical calculations and measurements acquired much greater
congruity than under the older system.
If for no other reason, the precision and the economy this afforded would have proved so important
on long sea voyages that the laws would have imposed themselves for practical reasons alone. In
developing the telescope, Galileo created an instrument of vital importance to astronomical
research, as it lends extraordinary powers of magnification to the human eye. When he trained his
telescope at the Sun, he discovered sunspots; when he focused on Jupiter, he discovered its first four
moons; turning to the Milky Way, he revealed that it was composed of myriad stars. The discovery
of the galaxy It was precisely with the development of optical, mechanical and photographic
techniques that the distances of the nearest stars could finally be determined, thus dispelling the
notion of a sphere of fixed stars. With stellar distances now measured – and understood to be
incredibly long – the interpretation gradually began to take hold that the stars and the Sun were
objects of the same nature. Each star therefore had the “right”, in principle, to host a planetary
system
We tend to think of our universe in terms of three-dimensional space; we can walk forwards,
sideways and even jump up and down. To these we can add a further dimension: time. These four
dimensions constitute the spacetime universe in which we live, but we could imagine other
universes. From a mathematical perspective, we can, for example, imagine various two-dimensional
universes; the surface of a ball is a two-dimensional entity, as is the surface of a table. Imagine the
surface of a child’s balloon as a two-dimensional universe. We can draw two-dimensional galaxies
on that surface, populated by two-dimensional ants. Some of these ants might be astronomers whose
task it is to observe the other galaxies and measure their distances and speeds.
Let’s imagine for an instant that someone blows into the balloon and makes it expand. What will the
astronomer-ant see? Basically, he will see that the galaxies closest to him recede slowly while those
more distant shuttle away at a faster speed. This ant will have discovered Hubble’s Law. If we
imagine the opposite - that instead of expanding, the balloon begins to deflate-, what the ant will see
is all of the galaxies edging closer to each other – the opposite of Hubble’s Law. What the law
proves, therefore, is that our universe is in expansion! In other words, it will be larger in the future
and it was smaller in the past. The further back in the past, the smaller the universe. If we follow the
logic through, we can imagine a balloon so small that it shrinks to a mere
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/ea/v20n58/en_20.pdf
Chapter 2: Divine Gardens
Chapter 2: Divine Gardens
1: Environmental Respect
2: Laws of the garden
3: Competitive Disaster
4: Unity
5: Many sins
6: Fall from grace
7: Banishments
The man said should not the most powerful rule
the woman said well you must be all knowing to be the ruler
and Father Time said to the people in the gardens there are other Gods some more powerful than I, I
am not the God of mass quantity or breeding the perfect species neither am I all knowing I learn as I
learn but I am here to spread Justice, peace and Love
Chapter 3: Fallen Empire
Along time ago in a land far away their lived a tribe of people called the Kaleidians their
empire was vast and united a all for one, one for all type of society. The state they lived in was
named Kaleidopia It was ruled by a council of 3; Jacob A priest, Fetuh a knight, Deandra an
empress,. Their was a mixture of colors and beliefs as many travled to visit the empire because of
its riches. The main belief system called for equality of all and respect for other religions. Justice
ruled the empire and fairness was expected. Some consider Kaleidopia to be the most socially just
society to have ever existed. On the 12 th of July 899 BC the Kaleidians welcomed the Raviers into
their empire. The Raviers were ruled by Queens and the new Queen Esmerelda was visting towns in
search of a husband. The Queen meets with the council. Her eyes fell on Jacob. She ignored the fact
that he was married to an inventor named Wesley. She invited Jacob who was unaware to come visit
her empire so that he can see how to help. Jacob left and went to visit Ravine. When he arrived the
Queen told him “Renounce Wesley the two of you can bare no offspring there is no fruit to bare
from your efforts.” Jacob replied “Never not one of you understand what love is and I do I will
never forsake my husband I am a man of faith and loyal to my oaths.” Her brother Edwin screams
“Kill the nasty bastard”They cut the head off of Priest Jacobs.
Time went by and Wesley began to worry as he did not even receive a letter which was unusual.
Fetuh and Deandra gather an army and head to the Ravine. The remaining council memebers
and their army arrive at the gates of Ravine. Queen Esmerelda greets them and shouts “ Your
Kind has no place in this World, he would choose a man over me, the sickness of your lot must
be cleansed from the Earth.” Deandra leads the charge and they over run Ravine recovering
Jacobs body and head. They leave and travel home to bury Jacob. Edwin survived the attack
and he begins to go to other Empires claiming that the Kaleidians were trying to conquor the
world and enforce their lifestyle on every one. The other Empires panic and begin to join forces
with Edwin. Fetuh Kisses his wife before he goes to address his army “I believe we are a special
people with faith in the rights of our fellow human beings, we are outnumbered and always will
be may they feel our sting as they attack our hive.” Deandra is being dressed by her wife Sheva,
“ If this be the last moment I see your beautiful face I want you to know I love you eternally so
may fate always bring me to you” She joins Fetuh and they head to the gates. The Battle lasts 5
years before Fetuh is captured he is taken to the Emperors and commanded to lead Kaleidopia
as a sole king he must reject his religion and swear loyalty. Fetuh stands proud “ I am loyal,
loyal to Kaleidopia as I see nothing but brothers and sisters that breath and bleed like me”
Fetuh is hanged. In just two more years the walls fall and Kaleidopia is burnt to the ground.
Chapter 4: Persecution
Part A: Army of the Pink Triangle
The pink triangle was used by the Nazis in concentration camps to identify and shame
homosexuals. This symbol, which was used to label and shame, has been embraced by the gay
community as a symbol of pride. However, in the 1930s & 1940s there was nothing celebratory
about the pink triangle. Gays were forced to wear the pink triangle on their breast pockets in the
concentration camps to identify them as homosexual to set them apart from other prisoners.
Triangles of various colors were used to identify each category of "undesirable": yellow for Jews,
brown of Gypsies, red for political prisoners, green for criminals, black for anti-socials, purple for
Jehovah's Witnesses, blue for immigrants, and pink for homosexuals.
The pink triangles were slightly larger than the other colored triangles so that guards could identify
them from a distance. It is said that those who wore the pink triangles were singled out by the
guards to receive the harshest treatment, and when the guards were finished with them, some of the
other inmates would harm them as well. At the end of the war, when the concentration camps were
finally liberated, virtually all of the prisoners were released except those who wore the pink
triangle. Many of those with a pink triangle on their pocket were put back in prison and their
nightmare continued. One of the groups that was targeted for extermination by the Nazis continues
to be under attack to this day, not just verbally but physically, all over the world: homosexuals. The
fact that gays were put in German concentration camps is not known by many. The stories of the
survivors reveal an unimaginable cruelty and suffering. It is the same kind of senseless, irrational
hatred that still haunts Gays, Jews, Blacks, and other minorities today.
The Taliban in Afghanistan required non-Muslims to wear identifying badges on their clothing, just
as the Nazis required their "undesirables" to wear identifying logos so long ago. History repeats
itself. The list of systematic, deliberate and well-orchestrated exterminations is a long one. The
Armenian Genocide of 1915 - 1918 in the Ottoman Turkish Empire, the Holocaust, the Khmer
Rouge in Cambodia, the ethnic cleansing of Bosnia and the Sudan, and numerous other genocidal
campaigns are testament of the world's complacency.
It seems the lessons of the Holocaust and the Pink Triangle have been lost on many. Because "those
who forget history are doomed to repeat it" we continue to display the Pink Triangle atop Twin
Peaks. It is important to keep alive the memory of the Holocaust victims and to remind everyone of
the consequences of unchecked hatred. The Pink Triangle display is also intended as an instrument
to initiate discourse about hate crimes. We want to help prevent others from experiencing the results
of hatred that Matthew Shepard, Allen Schindler, Brandon Teena, and countless others have been
subjected to. If we can help prevent additional crimes like those committed against them, we will
have been successful in our attempt to inform the public.
https://www.thepinktriangle.com/history/symbol.html
Part B: Alan Turing
Alan Mathison Turing OBE FRS (/ˈtjʊərɪŋ/; 23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954) was an
English mathematician, computer scientist, logician, cryptanalyst, philosopher and theoretical
biologist.[6] Turing was highly influential in the development of theoretical computer science,
providing a formalisation of the concepts of algorithm and computation with the Turing machine,
which can be considered a model of a general-purpose computer.[7][8][9] Turing is widely
considered to be the father of theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence.[10] Despite
these accomplishments, he was never fully recognised in his home country during his lifetime, due
to his homosexuality, which was then a crime in the UK.
During the Second World War, Turing worked for the Government Code and Cypher
School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park, Britain's codebreaking centre that produced Ultra intelligence.
For a time he led Hut 8, the section that was responsible for German naval cryptanalysis. Here, he
devised a number of techniques for speeding the breaking of German ciphers, including
improvements to the pre-war Polish bombe method, an electromechanical machine that could find
settings for the Enigma machine.
Turing played a pivotal role in cracking intercepted coded messages that enabled the Allies to defeat
the Nazis in many crucial engagements, including the Battle of the Atlantic, and in so doing helped
win the war.[11][12] Counterfactual history is difficult with respect to the effect Ultra intelligence
had on the length of the war,[13] but at the upper end it has been estimated that this work shortened
the war in Europe by more than two years and saved over 14 million lives.[11]
After the war, Turing worked at the National Physical Laboratory, where he designed the Automatic
Computing Engine, which was one of the first designs for a stored-program computer. In 1948,
Turing joined Max Newman's Computing Machine Laboratory at the Victoria University of
Manchester, where he helped develop the Manchester computers[14] and became interested
in mathematical biology. He wrote a paper on the chemical basis of morphogenesis[1] and
predicted oscillating chemical reactionssuch as the Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction, first observed
in the 1960s.
Turing was prosecuted in 1952 for homosexual acts; the Labouchere Amendment had mandated that
"gross indecency" was a criminal offence in the UK. He accepted chemical castration treatment,
with DES, as an alternative to prison. Turing died in 1954, 16 days before his 42nd birthday,
from cyanide poisoning. An inquest determined his death as a suicide, but it has been noted that the
known evidence is also consistent with accidental poisoning.[15]
In 2009, following an Internet campaign, British Prime Minister Gordon Brown made an official
public apology on behalf of the British government for "the appalling way he was treated". Queen
Elizabeth II granted Turing a posthumous pardon in 2013.[16][17][18] The Alan Turing law is now
an informal term for a 2017 law in the United Kingdom that retroactively pardoned men cautioned
or convicted under historical legislation that outlawed homosexual acts.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing
Part C: Josephine Baker
Josephine Baker
Josephine Baker was a well-known entertainer of the Jazz Age and identified
as bisexual. She was one of the most successful African-American
performers in French history and used her platform as an entertainer to
advocate for desegregation, refusing to perform in segregated venues and
even speaking at the 1963 March on Washington. Baker also served as a spy
for the French during World War II, passing along secrets she heard while
performing for German soldiers.
Josephine Baker (born Freda Josephine McDonald, naturalised French Joséphine Baker; 3 June
1906 – 12 April 1975) was an American-born French entertainer, activist, and French
Resistance agent. Her career was centered primarily in Europe, mostly in her adopted France.
During her early career she was renowned as a dancer, and was among the most celebrated
performers to headline the revues of the Folies Bergère in Paris. Her performance in the revue Un
vent de folie in 1927 caused a sensation in Paris. Her costume, consisting of only a girdle of
artificial bananas, became her most iconic image and a symbol of the Jazz Ageand the
1920s.[citation needed]
Baker was celebrated by artists and intellectuals of the era, who variously dubbed her the “Black
Venus”, the "Black Pearl", the "Bronze Venus", and the "Creole Goddess". Born in St. Louis,
Missouri, she renounced her U.S. citizenship and became a French national after her marriage to
French industrialist Jean Lion in 1937.[2] She raised her children in France. "I have two loves, my
country and Paris." the artist once said, and sang: «J'ai deux amours, mon pays et Paris».[3]
Baker was the first African-American to star in a major motion picture, the 1927 silent film Siren of
the Tropics, directed by Mario Nalpas and Henri Étiévant.[4]
Baker refused to perform for segregated audiences in the United States and is noted for her
contributions to the Civil Rights Movement. In 1968 she was offered unofficial leadership in the
movement in the United States by Coretta Scott King, following Martin Luther King Jr.'s
assassination. After thinking it over, Baker declined the offer out of concern for the welfare of her
children.[5][6]
She was also known for aiding the French Resistance during World War II.[7] After the war, she
was awarded the Croix de guerreby the French military, and was named a Chevalier of the Légion
d'honneur by General Charles de Gaulle.[8]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Baker
Section 2: Stone wall
The Stonewall riots (also referred to as the Stonewall uprising or the Stonewall rebellion) were a
series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations by members of the gay (LGBT) community[note
1] against a police raid that began in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall
Inn in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. They are widely
considered to constitute the most important event leading to the gay
liberation movement[4][5][6][7] and the modern fight for LGBT rights in the United States.[8][9]
Gay Americans in the 1950s and 1960s faced an anti-gay legal system.[note
2][10] Early homophile groups in the U.S. sought to prove that gay people could be assimilated into
society, and they favored non-confrontational education for homosexuals and heterosexualsalike.
The last years of the 1960s, however, were very contentious, as many social/political movements
were active, including the civil rights movement, the counterculture of the 1960s, and the anti-
Vietnam War movement. These influences, along with the liberal environment of Greenwich
Village, served as catalysts for the Stonewall riots.
Very few establishments welcomed gay people in the 1950s and 1960s. Those that did were often
bars, although bar owners and managers were rarely gay. At the time, the Stonewall Inn was owned
by the Mafia.[11][12][13] It catered to an assortment of patrons and was known to be popular
among the poorest and most marginalized people in the gay community: drag
queens, transgender people, effeminate young men, butch lesbians, male prostitutes, and homeless
youth. Police raids on gay bars were routine in the 1960s, but officers quickly lost control of the
situation at the Stonewall Inn. Tensions between New York City police and gay residents of
Greenwich Village erupted into more protests the next evening, and again several nights later.
Within weeks, Village residents quickly organized into activist groups to concentrate efforts on
establishing places for gays and lesbians to be open about their sexual orientation without fear of
being arrested.
After the Stonewall riots, gays and lesbians in New York City faced gender, race, class, and
generational obstacles to becoming a cohesive community. Within six months, two gay activist
organizations were formed in New York, concentrating on confrontational tactics, and three
newspapers were established to promote rights for gays and lesbians. Within a few years, gay rights
organizations were founded across the U.S. and the world. On June 28, 1970, the first gay pride
marches took place in New York, Los Angeles, and San Francisco,[14] and the anniversary of the
riots was commemorated in Chicago. Similar marches were organized in other cities. The Stonewall
National Monument was established at the site in 2016.[15] Today, LGBT Pride events are held
annually throughout the world toward the end of June to mark the Stonewall riots. Stonewall 50 -
WorldPride NYC 2019 commemorated the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall uprising with city
officials estimating 5 million attendees in Manhattan,[16] and on June 6, 2019, New York City
Police Commissioner James P. O'Neill rendered a formal apology on behalf of the New York Police
Department for the actions of its officers at Stonewall in 1969.
Chapter 5: Leadership
Section 1: Leadership
leadership
/ˈliːdəʃɪp
noun
1. the action of leading a group of people or an organization.
"different styles of leadership"
synonyms
:
guidance, direction, authority, control, management, superintendence, supervision; More
the state or position of being a leader.
"the party prospered under his leadership"
syno
nym
s:
headship, directorship, direction, governorship, governance, administration,
jurisdiction, captaincy, superintendency, control, ascendancy, rule, command,
power, mastery, domination, dominion, premiership, sovereignty
"she won the leadership of the Conservative Party"
the leaders of an organization, country, etc.
plural noun: leaderships
"the leadership was divided into two camps"
Section 1: Leadership
Section 2 : Hermata
Section 3: Kawiya
Section 4: Abati Gizi/ Father Time
Section 5: Ibu Jagat/ Mother Universe
Section 6: Karima
Section 7: Jesus Christ
Jesus' childhood home is identified in the gospels of Luke and Matthew as the town of Nazareth
in Galilee , where he lived with his family. Although Joseph appears in descriptions of Jesus' childhood,
no mention is made of him thereafter. [128] His other family members—his mother, Mary, his
brothers James , Joses (or Joseph) , Judas and Simon and his unnamed sisters—are mentioned in the
gospels and other sources. [129]
The Gospel of Mark reports that Jesus comes into conflict with his neighbors and family. [130] Jesus'
mother and brothers come to get him ( Mark 3:31–35 ) because people are saying that he is crazy ( Mark
3:21 ). Jesus responds that his followers are his true family. In John, Mary follows Jesus to his
crucifixion, and he expresses concern over her well-being ( John 19:25–27 ).
Jesus is called a τέκτων ( tektōn ) in Mark 6:3 , traditionally understood as carpenter but could cover makers
of objects in various materials, including builders. [131][132] The gospels indicate that Jesus could
read, paraphrase, and debate scripture, but this does not necessarily mean that he received formal
scribal training. [133]
When Jesus is presented as a baby in the temple per Jewish Law, a man named Simeon says to Mary
and Joseph that Jesus "shall stand as a sign of contradiction, while a sword will pierce your own soul.
Then the secret thoughts of many will come to light" ( Luke 2:28–35 ). Several years later, when Jesus
goes missing on a visit to Jerusalem , his parents find him in the temple sitting among the teachers,
listening to them and asking questions, and the people are amazed at his understanding and answers;
Mary scolds Jesus for going missing, to which Jesus replies that he must "be in his father's house"
( Luke 2:41–52 ).
Baptism and temptation
Main articles: Baptism of Jesus and Temptation of Christ
The Baptism of Christ (1895) by Almeida Júnior
The Synoptic accounts of Jesus' baptism are all preceded by information about John the
Baptist . [134][135][136] They show John preaching penance and repentance for the remission of sins
and encouraging the giving of alms to the poor ( Luke 3:11 ) as he baptizes people in the area of
the Jordan River around Perea and foretells ( Luke 3:16 ) the arrival of someone "more powerful" than
he. [137][138] Later, Jesus identifies John as "the Elijah who was to come" ( Matthew 11:14 , Mark
9:13–14 ), the prophet who was expected to arrive before the "great and terrible day of the Lord" ( Malachi
4:5 ). Likewise, Luke says that John had the spirit and power of Elijah ( Luke 1:17 ).
In Mark, John baptizes Jesus, and as he comes out of the water he sees the Holy Spirit descending to
him like a dove and he hears a voice from heaven declaring him to be God's Son ( Mark 1:9–11 ). This is
one of two events described in the gospels where a voice from Heaven calls Jesus "Son", the other
being the Transfiguration . [139][140] The spirit then drives him into the wilderness where he is tempted
by Satan ( Mark 1:12–13 ). Jesus then begins his ministry after John's arrest ( Mark 1:14 ). Jesus' baptism in
Matthew is similar. Here, before Jesus' baptism, John protests, saying, "I need to be baptized by you"
( Matthew 3:14 ). Jesus instructs him to carry on with the baptism "to fulfill all righteousness" ( Matthew
3:15 ). Matthew also details the three temptations that Satan offers Jesus in the wilderness ( Matthew
4:3–11 ). In Luke, the Holy Spirit descends as a dove after everyone has been baptized and Jesus is
praying ( Luke 3:21–22 ). John implicitly recognizes Jesus from prison after sending his followers to ask
about him ( Luke 7:18–23 ). Jesus' baptism and temptation serve as preparation for his public
ministry. [141]
The Gospel of John leaves out Jesus' baptism and temptation. [142] Here, John the Baptist testifies that
he saw the Spirit descend on Jesus ( John 1:32 ). [138][143] John publicly proclaims Jesus as the
sacrificial Lamb of God , and some of John's followers become disciples of Jesus. [95] In this Gospel, John
denies that he is Elijah ( John 1:21 ). Before John is imprisoned, Jesus leads his followers to baptize
disciples as well ( John 3:22–24 ), and they baptize more people than John ( John 4:1 ).
Public ministry
Main article: Ministry of Jesus
Sermon on the Mount, an 1877 painting by Carl Bloch (1877) depicts Jesus' important discourse
The Synoptics depict two distinct geographical settings in Jesus' ministry. The first takes place north
of Judea , in Galilee , where Jesus conducts a successful ministry; and the second shows Jesus rejected
and killed when he travels to Jerusalem . [25] Often referred to as " rabbi ", [25] Jesus preaches his message
orally. [24] Notably, Jesus forbids those who recognize him as the Messiah to speak of it, including
people he heals and demons he exorcises (see Messianic Secret ). [144]
John depicts Jesus' ministry as largely taking place in and around Jerusalem, rather than in Galilee;
and Jesus' divine identity is openly proclaimed and immediately recognized. [109]
Scholars divide the ministry of Jesus into several stages. The Galilean ministry begins when Jesus
returns to Galilee from the Judaean Desert after rebuffing the temptation of Satan . Jesus preaches around
Galilee, and in Matthew 4:18–20 , his first disciples , who will eventually form the core of the early Church,
encounter him and begin to travel with him. [136][145] This period includes the Sermon on the Mount ,
one of Jesus' major discourses, [145][146] as well as the calming of the storm , the feeding of the
5,000 , walking on water and a number of other miracles and parables . [147] It ends with the Confession of
Peter and the Transfiguration. [148][149]
As Jesus travels towards Jerusalem, in the Perean ministry, he returns to the area where he was
baptized, about a third of the way down from the Sea of Galilee along the Jordan River ( John
10:40–42 ). [150][151] The final ministry in Jerusalem begins with Jesus' triumphal entry into the city
on Palm Sunday . [152] In the Synoptic Gospels, during that week Jesus drives the money changers from
the Second Temple and Judas bargains to betray him. This period culminates in the Last Supper and
the Farewell Discourse
Jesus was born circa 6 B.C. in Bethlehem. His mother, Mary, was a virgin who was betrothed
to Joseph, a carpenter. Christians believe Jesus was born through Immaculate Conception.
His lineage can be traced back to the house of David. According to the Gospel of Matthew
(2:1), Jesus was born during the reign of Herod the Great, who upon hearing of his birth felt
threatened and tried to kill Jesus by ordering all of Bethlehem’s male children under age two
to be killed. But Joseph was warned by an angel and took Mary and the child to Egypt until
Herod’s death, where upon he brought the family back and settled in the town of Nazareth, in
Galilee.
There is very little written about Jesus's early life. The Gospel of Luke (2:41-52) recounts that a 12-
year-old Jesus had accompanied his parents on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem and became separated. He
was found several days later in a temple, discussing affairs with some of Jerusalem’s elders.
Throughout the New Testament, there are trace references of Jesus working as a carpenter while a
young adult. It is believed that he began his ministry at age 30 when he was baptized by John the
Baptist, who upon seeing Jesus, declared him the Son of God.
After baptism, Jesus went into the Judean desert to fast and meditate for 40 days and nights. The
Temptation of Christ is chronicled in the Gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke (known as the
Synoptic Gospels). The Devil appeared and tempted Jesus three times, once to turn stone to bread,
once to cast himself off a mountain where angels would save him, and once to offer him all the
kingdoms of the world. All three times, Jesus rejected the Devil's temptation and sent him off.
Jesus's Ministry
Jesus returned to Galilee and made trips to neighboring villages. During this time, several people
became his disciples. One of these was Mary Magdalene, who is first mentioned the Gospel of Luke
(16:9) and later in all four gospels at the crucifixion. Though not mentioned in the context of the
"12 disciples," she is considered to have been involved in Jesus's ministry from the beginning to his
death and after. According to the gospels of Mark and John, Jesus appeared to Magdalene first after
his resurrection.
According to the Gospel of John (2:1-11), as Jesus was beginning his ministry, he and his disciples
traveled with his mother, Mary, to a wedding at Cana in Galilee. The wedding host had run out of
wine and Jesus's mother came to him for help. At first, Jesus refused to intervene, but then he
relented and asked a servant to bring him large jars filled with water. He turned the water into a
wine of higher quality than any served during the wedding. John's gospel depicts the event as the
first sign of Jesus's glory and his disciples' belief in him.
After the wedding, Jesus, his mother Mary and his disciples traveled to Jerusalem for Passover. At
the temple, they saw moneychangers and merchants selling wares. In a rare display of anger, Jesus
overturned the tables and, with a whip made of cords, drove them out, declaring that his Father’s
house is not a house for merchants.
The Synoptic Gospels chronicle Jesus as he traveled through Judea and Galilee, using parables and
miracles to explain how the prophecies were being fulfilled and that the kingdom of God was near.
As word spread of Jesus's teaching and healing the sick and diseased, more people began to follow
him. At one point, Jesus came to a level area and was joined by a great number of people. There, at
the Sermon on the Mount, he presented several discourses, known as the Beatitudes, which
encapsulate many of the spiritual teachings of love, humility and compassion.
As Jesus continued preaching about the kingdom of God, the crowds grew larger and began to
proclaim him as the son of David and as the Messiah. The Pharisees heard of this and publicly
challenged Jesus, accusing him of having the power of Satan. He defended his actions with a
parable, then questioned their logic and told them such thinking denied the power of God, which
only further hardened their resolve to work against him.
Near the city of Caesarea Philippi, Jesus talked with his disciples. According to the gospels of
Matthew (16:13), Mark (8:27) and Luke (9:18), he asked, "Who do you say that I am?" The
question confused them, and only Peter responded, saying, "You are the Christ, the Son of the living
God." Jesus blessed Peter, accepting the titles of "Christ" and the "Son of God," and declared the
proclamation was a divine revelation from God. Jesus then proclaimed Peter to be the leader of the
church. Jesus then warned his disciples of the Pharisees’ conspiracy against him and of his fate to
suffer and be killed, only to rise from the dead on the third day.
Less than a week later, Jesus took three of his disciples to a high mountain where they could pray
alone. According to the Synoptic Gospels, Jesus's face began shining like the sun and his entire
body glowed with a white light. Then, the prophets Elijah and Moses appeared, and Jesus talked to
them. A bright cloud emerged around them, and a voice said, "This is my beloved Son, with whom
I am well pleased; listen to him." This event, known as the Transfiguration, is a pivotal moment in
Christian theology. It supports the identity of Jesus as the Christ, the Son of the living God.
Jesus arrived in Jerusalem, the week before the holiday of Passover, riding on a donkey. Great
numbers of people took palm branches and greeted him at the city's entry. They praised him as the
Son of David and as the Son of God. The priests and Pharisees, fearful of the growing public
adulation, felt he must be stopped.
All four Gospels describe Jesus's final week in Jerusalem. During this time, Jesus raised Lazarus
from the dead, confronted moneychangers and merchants in the temple, and debated with the high
priests who questioned Jesus's authority. He told his disciples about the coming days and that
Jerusalem's temple would be destroyed. Meanwhile, the chief priests and elders met with high priest
Caiaphas, and set plans in motion to arrest Jesus. One of the disciples, Judas, met with the chief
priests and told them how he would deliver Jesus to them. They agreed to pay him 30 pieces of
silver.
The Last Supper
Jesus and his 12 disciples met for the Passover meal, and he gave them his final words of faith. He
also foretold of his betrayal by one of the disciples and privately let Judas know it was he. Jesus told
Peter that before a rooster crowed the next morning, he would have denied knowing Jesus three
times. At the end of the meal, Jesus instituted the Eucharist, which in the Christian religion,
signifies the covenant between God and humans.
After the Last Supper, Jesus and his disciples went to the Garden of Gethsemane to pray. Jesus
asked God if this cup (his suffering and death) might pass by him. He implored a group of his
disciples to pray with him, but they kept falling asleep. Then the time had come. Soldiers and
officials appeared, and Judas was with them. He gave Jesus a kiss on the cheek to identify him and
the soldiers arrested Jesus. One disciple tried to resist the arrest, brandished his sword and cut the
ear off one of the soldiers. But Jesus admonished him and healed the soldier's wound.
After his arrest, many of the disciples went into hiding. Jesus was taken to the high priest and
interrogated. He was hit and spat upon for not responding. Meanwhile, Peter had followed Jesus to
the high priests' court. As he hid in the shadows, three house servants asked if he was one of Jesus'
disciples and each time he denied it. After each denial, a rooster crowed. Then Jesus was led out of
the house and looked directly at Peter. Peter remembered how Jesus had told him he would deny
him and he wept bitterly. Judas, who was watching from a distance, became distraught by his
betrayal of Jesus and attempted to return the 30 pieces of silver. The priests told him his guilt was
his own. He threw the coins into the temple and later hanged himself.
The Crucifixion
The next day, Jesus was taken to the high court where he was mocked, beaten and condemned for
claiming to be the Son of God. He was brought before Pontius Pilate, the Roman governor of Judea.
The priests accused Jesus of claiming to be the king of the Jews and asked that he be condemned to
death. At first Pilate tried to pass Jesus off to King Herod, but he was brought back, and Pilate told
the Jewish priests he could find no fault with Jesus. The priests reminded him that anyone who
claimed to be a king speaks against Caesar. Pilate publicly washed his hands of responsibility, yet
ordered the crucifixion in response to the demands of the crowd. The Roman soldiers whipped and
beat Jesus, placed a crown of thorns on his head and then led him off to Mount Calvary.
Jesus was crucified with two thieves, one at his left and the other at his right. Above his head was
the charge against him, "King of the Jews." At his feet were his mother, Mary, and Mary
Magdalene. The Gospels describe various events that occurred during the last three hours of his life,
including the taunting by the soldiers and the crowd, Jesus's agony and outbursts, and his final
words. While Jesus was on the cross, the sky darkened, and immediately upon his death, an
earthquake erupted, tearing the temple's curtain from top to bottom. A soldier confirmed his death
by sticking a spear into his side, which produced only water. He was taken down from the cross and
buried in a nearby tomb.
https://www.biography.com/religious-figure/jesus-christ
Section 8: Haile Selassie
Early life[ edit ]
Ras Makonnen Woldemikael and his son LijTafari Makonnen
Haile Selassie's royal line (through his father's mother) descended from Sahle Selassie , [26] He was born
on 23 July 1892, in the village of Ejersa Goro , in the Harar province of Ethiopia. His mother was Woizero
("Lady") Yeshimebet Ali Abba Jifar , daughter of the renowned Oromo ruler of Wollo province Dejazmach Ali
Abba Jifar. [27] His maternal grandmother was of Gurage heritage. [28] Tafari's father was Ras Makonnen
Woldemikael Gudessa , the governor of Harar. Ras Makonnen served as a general in the First
Italo–Ethiopian War , playing a key role at the Battle of Adwa ; [27] he too was paternally Oromo but
maternally Amhara . [28] Haile Selassie was thus able to ascend to the imperial throne through his
paternal grandmother, Woizero Tenagnework Sahle Selassie, who was an aunt of Emperor Menelik
II and daughter of Negus Sahle Selassie of Shewa. As such, Haile Selassie claimed direct descent
from Makeda , the Queen of Sheba, and King Solomon of ancient Israel . [29]
Ras Makonnen arranged for Tafari as well as his first cousin, Imru Haile Selassie , to receive instruction in
Harar from Abba Samuel Wolde Kahin , an Ethiopian capuchin monk , and from Dr. Vitalien, a surgeon
from Guadeloupe . Tafari was named Dejazmach (literally "commander of the gate", roughly equivalent to
" count ") [30] at the age of 13, on 1 November 1905. [31] Shortly thereafter, his father Ras Makonnen died
at Kulibi , in 1906. [32]
Governorship[ edit ]
Dejazmatch Tafari, as governor of Harar
Tafari assumed the titular governorship of Selale in 1906, a realm of marginal importance, [33] but one
that enabled him to continue his studies. [31] In 1907, he was appointed governor over part of the
province of Sidamo . It is alleged that during his late teens, Haile Selassie was married
to Woizero Altayech, and that from this union, his daughter Princess Romanework was born. [34]
Following the death of his brother Yelma in 1907, the governorate of Harar was left vacant, [33] and its
administration was left to Menelik's loyal general, Dejazmach Balcha Safo . Balcha Safo's administration
of Harar was ineffective, and so during the last illness of Menelik II, and the brief reign of Empress Taitu
Bitul , Tafari was made governor of Harar in 1910 [32] or 1911. [35]
On 3 August, he married Menen Asfaw of Ambassel , niece of the heir to the throne Lij Iyasu .
Regency[ edit ]
The extent to which Tafari Makonnen contributed to the movement that would come to depose Lij
Iyasu has been discussed extensively, particularly in Haile Selassie's own detailed account of the
matter. Iyasu was the designated but uncrowned emperor of Ethiopia from 1913 to 1916. Iyasu's
reputation for scandalous behavior and a disrespectful attitude towards the nobles at the court of his
grandfather, Menelik II, [36] damaged his reputation. Iyasu's flirtation with Islam was considered
treasonous among the Ethiopian Orthodox Christian leadership of the empire. On 27 September 1916,
Iyasu was deposed. [37]
Contributing to the movement that deposed Iyasu were conservatives such as Fitawrari Habte Giyorgis ,
Menelik II's longtime Minister of War. The movement to depose Iyasu preferred Tafari, as he attracted
support from both progressive and conservative factions. Ultimately, Iyasu was deposed on the grounds
of conversion to Islam. [18][37] In his place, the daughter of Menelik II (the aunt of Iyasu) was named
Empress Zewditu , while Tafari was elevated to the rank of Ras and was made heir apparent and Crown
Prince . In the power arrangement that followed, Tafari accepted the role of Regent
Plenipotentiary (Balemulu 'Inderase) [nb 5] and became the de facto ruler of the Ethiopian
Empire (Mangista Ityop'p'ya). Zewditu would govern while Tafari would administer. [38]
Empress Zewditu with one of her trusted priests
While Iyasu had been deposed on 27 September 1916, on 8 October he managed to escape into
the Ogaden Desert and his father, Negus Mikael of Wollo , had time to come to his aid. [39] On 27
October, Negus Mikael and his army met an army under Fitawrari Habte Giyorgis loyal to Zewditu and
Tafari. During the Battle of Segale , Negus Mikael was defeated and captured. Any chance that Iyasu
would regain the throne was ended and he went into hiding. On 11 January 1921, after avoiding capture
for about five years, Iyasu was taken into custody by Gugsa Araya Selassie .
On 11 February 1917, the coronation for Zewditu took place. She pledged to rule justly through her
Regent, Tafari. While Tafari was the more visible of the two, Zewditu was far from an honorary ruler. Her
position required that she arbitrate the claims of competing factions. In other words, she had the last
word. Tafari carried the burden of daily administration but, because his position was relatively weak, this
was often an exercise in futility for him. Initially his personal army was poorly equipped, his finances
were limited, and he had little leverage to withstand the combined influence of the Empress, the
Minister of War, or the provincial governors. [39]
During his Regency, the new Crown Prince developed the policy of cautious modernization initiated by
Menelik II. Also, during this time, he survived the 1918 flu pandemic , having come down with the
illness. [40] He secured Ethiopia's admission to the League of Nations in 1923 by promising to eradicate
slavery; each emperor since Tewodros II had issued proclamations to halt slavery , [41] but without effect:
the internationally scorned practice persisted well into Haile Selassie's reign with an estimated 2 million
slaves in Ethiopia in the early 1930s. [42][43]
Travel abroad[ edit ]
In 1924, Ras Tafari toured Europe and the Middle East visiting Jerusalem , Alexandria , Paris,
Brussels, Amsterdam , Stockholm, London, Geneva , and Athens . With him on his tour was a group that
included Ras Seyum Mangasha of western Tigray Province ; Ras Hailu Tekle
Haymanot of Gojjam province; Ras Mulugeta Yeggazu of Illubabor Province ; Ras Makonnen Endelkachew ;
and Blattengeta Heruy Welde Sellase . The primary goal of the trip to Europe was for Ethiopia to gain
access to the sea. In Paris, Tafari was to find out from the French Foreign Ministry ( Quai d'Orsay ) that this
goal would not be realized. [44] However, failing this, he and his retinue inspected schools, hospitals,
factories, and churches. Although patterning many reforms after European models, Tafari remained
wary of European pressure. To guard against economic imperialism , Tafari required that all enterprises
have at least partial local ownership. [45] Of his modernization campaign, he remarked, "We need
European progress only because we are surrounded by it. That is at once a benefit and a
misfortune." [46]
Throughout Tafari's travels in Europe, the Levant , and Egypt , he and his entourage were greeted with
enthusiasm and fascination. He was accompanied by Seyum Mangasha and Hailu Tekle Haymanot
who, like Tafari, were sons of generals who contributed to the victorious war against Italy a quarter-
century earlier at the Battle of Adwa . [47] Another member of his entourage, Mulugeta Yeggazu, actually
fought at Adwa as a young man. The "Oriental Dignity" of the Ethiopians [48] and their "rich, picturesque
court dress" [49] were sensationalized in the media; among his entourage he even included a pride of
lions, which he distributed as gifts to President Alexandre Millerand and Prime Minister Raymond
Poincaré of France , to King George V of the United Kingdom , and to the Zoological Garden (Jardin
Zoologique) of Paris, France. [47] As one historian noted, "Rarely can a tour have inspired so many
anecdotes". [47] In return for two lions, the United Kingdom presented Tafari with the imperial crown of
Emperor Tewodros II for its safe return to Empress Zewditu. The crown had been taken by General Sir
Robert Napier during the 1868 Expedition to Abyssinia . [50]
In this period, the Crown Prince visited the Armenian monastery of Jerusalem . There, he adopted
40 Armenian orphans (አርባ ልጆች Arba Lijoch , "forty children"), who had lost their parents in Ottoman
massacres. Tafari arranged for the musical education of the youths, and they came to form the imperial
brass band. [51]
King and Emperor[ edit ]
See also: Modernisation of Ethiopia under Haile Selassie I
Emperor Haile Selassie standing in front of throne c. 1965
Tafari's authority was challenged in 1928 when Dejazmach Balcha Safo went to Addis Ababa with a
sizeable armed force. When Tafari consolidated his hold over the provinces, many of Menelik's
appointees refused to abide by the new regulations. Balcha Safo, the governor (Shum) of coffee-
rich Sidamo Province , was particularly troublesome. The revenues he remitted to the central government
did not reflect the accrued profits and Tafari recalled him to Addis Ababa. The old man came in high
dudgeon and, insultingly, with a large army. [nb 6] The Dejazmatch paid homage to Empress Zewditu, but
snubbed Tafari. [52][53] On 18 February, while Balcha Safo and his personal bodyguard [nb 7] were in
Addis Ababa, Tafari had Ras Kassa Haile Darge buy off his army and arranged to have him displaced as
the Shum of Sidamo Province [54] by Birru Wolde Gabriel who himself was replaced by Desta Damtew . [39]
Even so, the gesture of Balcha Safo empowered Empress Zewditu politically and she attempted to
have Tafari tried for treason . He was tried for his benevolent dealings with Italy including a 20-year peace
accord which was signed on 2 August. [31] In September, a group of palace reactionaries including some
courtiers of the empress, made a final bid to get rid of Tafari . The attempted coup d'état was tragic in its
origins and comic in its end. When confronted by Tafari and a company of his troops, the ringleaders of
the coup took refuge on the palace grounds in Menelik's mausoleum. Tafari and his men surrounded
them only to be surrounded themselves by the personal guard of Zewditu. More of Tafari's khaki clad
soldiers arrived and, with superiority of arms, decided the outcome in his favor. [55] Popular support, as
well as the support of the police, [52] remained with Tafari. Ultimately, the Empress relented and, on 7
October 1928, she crowned Tafari as Negus ( Amharic : "King").
The crowning of Tafari as King was controversial. He occupied the same territory as the empress rather
than going off to a regional kingdom of the empire. Two monarchs, even with one being the vassal and
the other the emperor (in this case empress), had never occupied the same location as their seat
in Ethiopian history . Conservatives agitated to redress this perceived insult to the dignity of the crown,
leading to the rebellion of Ras Gugsa Welle . Gugsa Welle was the husband of the empress and
the Shum of Begemder Province. In early 1930, he raised an army and marched it from his governorate
at Gondar towards Addis Ababa . On 31 March 1930, Gugsa Welle was met by forces loyal
to Negus Tafari and was defeated at the Battle of Anchem . Gugsa Welle was killed in action . [56] News of
Gugsa Welle's defeat and death had hardly spread through Addis Ababa when the empress died
suddenly on 2 April 1930. Although it was long rumored that the empress was poisoned upon the defeat
of her husband, [57] or alternately that she died from shock upon hearing of the death of her estranged
yet beloved husband, [58] it has since been documented that the Empress succumbed to a flu-like fever
and complications from diabetes . [59]
Cover of Time magazine, 3 November 1930
With the passing of Zewditu, Tafari himself rose to emperor and was proclaimed Neguse Negest ze-
'Ityopp'ya, "King of Kings of Ethiopia". He was crowned on 2 November 1930, at Addis Ababa's Cathedral
of St. George . The coronation was by all accounts "a most splendid affair", [60] and it was attended by
royals and dignitaries from all over the world. Among those in attendance were The Duke of
Gloucester ( King George V 's son), MarshalFranchet d'Esperey of France, and the Prince
of Udine representing King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy . Emissaries from the United States, [61] Egypt ,
Turkey, Sweden, Belgium, and Japan were also present. [60] British author Evelyn Waugh was also
present, penning a contemporary report on the event, and American travel lecturer Burton Holmes shot
the only known film footage of the event. [62] One newspaper report suggested that the celebration may
have incurred a cost in excess of $3,000,000. [63] Many of those in attendance received lavish
gifts; [64] in one instance, the Christian emperor even sent a gold-encased Bible to an American bishop
who had not attended the coronation, but who had dedicated a prayer to the emperor on the day of the
coronation. [65]
Haile Selassie introduced Ethiopia's first written constitution on 16 July 1931, [66] providing for a bicameral
legislature . [67] The constitution kept power in the hands of the nobility, but it did establish democratic
standards among the nobility, envisaging a transition to democratic rule: it would prevail "until the
people are in a position to elect themselves." [68] The constitution limited the succession to the throne to
the descendants of Haile Selassie, a point that met with the disapprobation of other dynastic princes,
including the princes of Tigrai and even the emperor's loyal cousin, Ras Kassa Haile Darge .
In 1932, the Sultanate of Jimma was formally absorbed into Ethiopia following the death of Sultan Abba
Jifar II of Jimma .
Conflict with Italy[ edit ]
See also: Abyssinia Crisis and Second Italo-Abyssinian War
Ethiopia became the target of renewed Italian imperialist designs in the 1930s. Benito
Mussolini 's Fascist regime was keen to avenge the military defeats Italy had suffered to Ethiopia in
the First Italo-Abyssinian War , and to efface the failed attempt by "liberal" Italy to conquer the country, as
epitomised by the defeat at Adwa . [69][70][71] A conquest of Ethiopia could also empower the cause of
fascism and embolden its rhetoric of empire. [71] Ethiopia would also provide a bridge between
Italy's Eritrean and Italian Somaliland possessions. Ethiopia's position in the League of Nations did not
dissuade the Italians from invading in 1935; the " collective security " envisaged by the League proved
useless, and a scandal erupted when the Hoare-Laval Pact revealed that Ethiopia's League allies were
scheming to appease Italy. [72]
Mobilization[ edit ]
Following 5 December 1934 Italian invasion of Ethiopia at Welwel, Ogaden Province, Haile Selassie
joined his northern armies and set up headquarters at Desse in Wollo province. He issued his
mobilization order on 3 October 1935:
If you withhold from your country Ethiopia the death from cough or head-cold of which you
would otherwise die, refusing to resist (in your district, in your patrimony, and in your home)
our enemy who is coming from a distant country to attack us, and if you persist in not
shedding your blood, you will be rebuked for it by your Creator and will be cursed by your
offspring. Hence, without cooling your heart of accustomed valour, there emerges your
decision to fight fiercely, mindful of your history that will last far into the future… If on your
march you touch any property inside houses or cattle and crops outside, not even grass,
straw, and dung excluded, it is like killing your brother who is dying with you… You,
countryman, living at the various access routes, set up a market for the army at the places
where it is camping and on the day your district-governor will indicate to you, lest the
soldiers campaigning for Ethiopia's liberty should experience difficulty. You will not be
charged excise duty, until the end of the campaign, for anything you are marketing at the
military camps: I have granted you remission… After you have been ordered to go to war,
but are then idly missing from the campaign, and when you are seized by the local chief or
by an accuser, you will have punishment inflicted upon your inherited land, your property,
and your body; to the accuser I shall grant a third of your property…
On 19 October 1935, Haile Selassie gave more precise orders for his army to his Commander-in-Chief,
Ras Kassa :
1. When you set up tents, it is to be in caves and by trees and in a wood, if the place happens
to be adjoining to these―and separated in the various platoons. Tents are to be set up at a
distance of 30 cubits from each other.
the Italians were ready to continue their offensive. Following the defeat and destruction of the northern
Ethiopian armies at the Battle of Amba Aradam , the Second Battle of Tembien , and the Battle of Shire , Haile
Selassie took the field with the last Ethiopian army on the northern front. On 31 March 1936, he
launched a counterattack against the Italians himself at the Battle of Maychew in southern Tigray . The
emperor's army was defeated and retreated in disarray. As Haile Selassie's army withdrew, the Italians
attacked from the air along with rebellious Raya and Azebo tribesmen on the ground, who were armed
and paid by the Italians. [75]
When the struggle to resist Italy appeared doomed, Haile Selassie traveled to the rock-hewn churches of Lalibela for
fasting and prayer. [76]
Haile Selassie made a solitary pilgrimage to the churches at Lalibela , at considerable risk of capture,
before returning to his capital. [77] After a stormy session of the council of state, it was agreed that
because Addis Ababa could not be defended, the government would relocate to the southern town
of Gore , and that in the interest of preserving the Imperial house, the emperor's wife Menen Asfaw and
the rest of the imperial family should immediately depart for French Somaliland , and from there continue
on to Jerusalem .[ citation needed ]
Exile debate[ edit ]
The emperor arrives in Jerusalem. May 1936
After further debate as to whether Haile Selassie should go to Gore or accompany his family into exile,
it was agreed that he should leave Ethiopia with his family and present the case of Ethiopia to
the League of Nations at Geneva . The decision was not unanimous and several participants, including the
nobleman Blatta Tekle Wolde Hawariat , strenuously objected to the idea of an Ethiopian monarch fleeing
before an invading force. [78] Haile Selassie appointed his cousin Ras Imru Haile Selassie as Prince
Regent in his absence, departing with his family for French Somaliland on 2 May 1936.
On 5 May, Marshal Pietro Badoglio led Italian troops into Addis Ababa, and Mussolini declared Ethiopia
an Italian province. Victor Emanuel III was proclaimed as the new Emperor of Ethiopia . On the previous
day, the Ethiopian exiles had left French Somaliland aboard the British cruiser HMS Enterprise . They
were bound for Jerusalem in the British Mandate of Palestine , where the Ethiopian royal family maintained
a residence. The Imperial family disembarked at Haifa and then went on to Jerusalem. Once there,
Haile Selassie and his retinue prepared to make their case at Geneva. The choice of Jerusalem was
highly symbolic, since the Solomonic Dynasty claimed descent from the House of David . Leaving the Holy
Land , Haile Selassie and his entourage sailed aboard the British cruiser HMS Capetown for Gibraltar ,
where he stayed at the Rock Hotel . From Gibraltar, the exiles were transferred to an ordinary liner. By
doing this, the government of the United Kingdom was spared the expense of a state reception. [79]
Collective security and the League of Nations, 1936[ edit ]
Mussolini, upon invading Ethiopia, had promptly declared his own " Italian Empire ." Because the League
of Nations afforded Haile Selassie the opportunity to address the assembly, Italy even withdrew its
League delegation, on 12 May 1936. [80] It was in this context that Haile Selassie walked into the hall of
the League of Nations, introduced by the President of the Assembly as "His Imperial Majesty, the
Emperor of Ethiopia" (Sa Majesté Imperiale, l'Empereur d'Ethiopie). The introduction caused a great
many Italian journalists in the galleries to erupt into jeering, heckling, and whistling. As it turned out,
they had earlier been issued whistles by Mussolini's son-in-law, Count Galeazzo Ciano . [81] The
Romanian delegate, Nicolae Titulescu , famously jumped to his feet in response and cried "To the door
with the savages!", and the offending journalists were removed from the hall. Haile Selassie waited
calmly for the hall to be cleared, and responded "majestically" [82] with a speech sometimes
considered[ by whom? ] among the most stirring of the 20th century. [8]
Although fluent in French, the working language of the League, Haile Selassie chose to deliver his
historic speech in his native Amharic . He asserted that, because his "confidence in the League was
absolute", his people were now being slaughtered. He pointed out that the same European states that
found in Ethiopia's favor at the League of Nations were refusing Ethiopia credit and matériel while aiding
Italy, which was employing chemical weapons on military and civilian targets alike.
It was at the time when the operations for the encircling of Makale were taking place that
the Italian command, fearing a rout, followed the procedure which it is now my duty to
denounce to the world. Special sprayers were installed on board aircraft so that they could
vaporize, over vast areas of territory, a fine, death-dealing rain. Groups of nine, fifteen,
eighteen aircraft followed one another so that the fog issuing from them formed a
continuous sheet. It was thus that, as from the end of January 1936, soldiers, women,
children, cattle, rivers, lakes, and pastures were drenched continually with this deadly rain.
In order to kill off systematically all living creatures, in order to more surely poison waters
and pastures, the Italian command made its aircraft pass over and over again. That was its
chief method of warfare. [83]
Noting that his own "small people of 12 million inhabitants, without arms, without resources" could
never withstand an attack by a large power such as Italy, with its 42 million people and "unlimited
quantities of the most death-dealing weapons", he contended that all small states were threatened by
the aggression, and that all small states were in effect reduced to vassal states in the absence of
collective action. He admonished the League that "God and history will remember your judgment." [84]
It is collective security: it is the very existence of the League of Nations. It is the confidence
that each State is to place in international treaties… In a word, it is international morality
that is at stake. Have the signatures appended to a Treaty value only in so far as the
signatory Powers have a personal, direct and immediate interest involved?
The speech made the emperor an icon for anti-fascists around the world, and Time named him "Man of
the Year". [85] He failed, however, to get what he most needed: the League agreed to only partial and
ineffective sanctions on Italy. Only six nations in 1937 did not recognize Italy's occupation: China, New
Zealand, the Soviet Union, the Republic of Spain, Mexico and the United States. [70] It is often said the
League of Nations effectively collapsed due to its failure to condemn Italy's invasion of Abyssinia.
Exile[ edit ]
A plate from the dinner service sold by Haile Selassie in England in 1937
Haile Selassie in 1942
Haile Selassie spent his exile years (1936–41) in Bath , England, in Fairfield House , which he bought.
The emperor and Kassa Haile Darge took morning walks together behind the high walls of the 14-room
Victorian house. Haile Selassie's favorite reading was "diplomatic history." But most of his serious hours
were occupied with the 90,000-word story of his life that he was laboriously writing in Amharic. [86]
enforcement of the tax was abandoned. The revolt, having achieved its design in undermining the tax,
encouraged other landowners to defy Haile Selassie.
Haile Selassie on a state visit to Washington, 1963
While he had fully approved and assured Ethiopia's participation in UN-approved collective security
operations, including Korea and Congo, Haile Selassie drew a distinction between it and the non-UN-
approved foreign intervention in Indochina , consistently deploring it as needless suffering and calling for
the Vietnam War to end on several occasions. At the same time he remained open toward the United
States and commended it for making progress with African Americans' Civil Rights legislation in the
1950s and 1960s, while visiting the US several times during these years.
In 1967, he visited Montréal , Canada , to open the Ethiopian Pavilion at the Expo '67 World's Fair where
he received great acclaim amongst other World leaders there for the occasion.
Student unrest became a regular feature of Ethiopian life in the 1960s and 1970s. Marxism took root in
large segments of the Ethiopian intelligentsia, particularly among those who had studied abroad and
had thus been exposed to radical and left-wing sentiments that were becoming popular in other parts of
the globe. [121] Resistance by conservative elements at the Imperial Court and Parliament, and by the
Ethiopian Orthodox Church, made Haile Selassie's land reform proposals difficult to implement, and
also damaged the standing of the government, costing Haile Selassie much of the goodwill he had once
enjoyed. This bred resentment among the peasant population. Efforts to weaken unions also hurt his
image. As these issues began to pile up, Haile Selassie left much of domestic governance to his Prime
Minister, Aklilu Habte Wold , and concentrated more on foreign affairs.
1970s[ edit ]
Haile Selassie I in Toledo (Spain) in April 1971. Picture by Eduardo Butragueño.
Outside of Ethiopia, Haile Selassie continued to enjoy enormous prestige and respect. As the longest-
serving head of state in power, he was often given precedence over other leaders at state events, such
as the state funerals of John F. Kennedy and Charles de Gaulle , the summits of the Non-Aligned Movement ,
and the 1971 celebration of the 2,500 years of the Persian Empire . In 1970 he visited Italy as a guest of
President Giuseppe Saragat , and in Milan he met Giordano Dell'Amore , President of Italian Savings Banks
Association. He visited China in October 1971, and was the first foreign head of state to meet Mao
Zedong following the death of Mao's designated successor Lin Biao in a plane crash in Mongolia.
Human rights in Ethiopia under Selassie's regime were poor. Civil liberties and political rights were low
with Freedom House giving Ethiopia a "Not Free" score for both civil liberties and political rights in the last
years of Selassie's rule. [130] Common human right abuses included imprisonment and torture of political
prisoners and very poor prison conditions. [12] The Imperial Ethiopian Army also carried out a number of
these atrocities while fighting the Eritrean separatists. This was due to a policy of destroying Eritrean
villages that supported the rebels. There were a number of mass killings of hundreds of civilians during
the war in the late 1960s and early '70s. [131][132][133][134]
Wollo famine[ edit ]
Famine —mostly in Wollo, north-eastern Ethiopia, as well as in some parts of Tigray—is estimated to
have killed 40,000 to 80,000 Ethiopians [10][135] between 1972 and 1974. A BBC News report [136] has
cited a 1973 estimate that 200,000 deaths occurred, based on a contemporaneous estimate from the
Ethiopian Nutrition Institute. While this figure is still repeated in some texts and media sources, it was
an estimate that was later found to be "over-pessimistic". [138] Although the region is infamous for
recurrent crop failures and continuous food shortage and starvation risk, this episode was remarkably
severe. A 1973 production of the ITV programme The Unknown Famine by Jonathan
Dimbleby[139][140] relied on the unverified estimate of 200,000 dead, [136][141] stimulating a massive
influx of aid while at the same time destabilizing Haile Selassie's regime. [135]
Against that background, a group of dissident army officers instigated a creeping coup
against the emperor's faltering regime. To guard against a public backlash in favour of Haile
Selassie (who was still widely revered), they contrived to obtain a copy of The Unknown
Famine which they intercut with images of Africa's grand old man presiding at a wedding
feast in the grounds of his palace. Retitled The Hidden Hunger, this film noir was shown
round the clock on Ethiopian television to coincide with the day that they finally summoned
the nerve to seize the emperor himself.
— Jonathan Dimbleby, "Feeding on Ethiopia's famine" [142]
The 1973 oil crisis , the severity of which is demonstrated by this graph, hit Ethiopia amidst a devastating famine,
compounding its effect and undermining support for the emperor. [119]
Some reports suggest that the emperor was unaware of the extent of the famine, [136] while others
assert that he was well aware of it. [143][144] In addition to the exposure of attempts by corrupt local
officials to cover up the famine from the imperial government, the Kremlin 's depiction of Haile Selassie's
Ethiopia as backwards and inept (relative to the purported utopia of Marxism-Leninism ) contributed to
the popular uprising that led to its downfall and the rise of Mengistu Haile Mariam . [145] The famine and its
image in the media undermined popular support of the government, and Haile Selassie's once
unassailable personal popularity fell. [146]
The crisis was exacerbated by military mutinies and high oil prices , the latter a result of the 1973 oil
crisis . The international economic crisis triggered by the oil crisis caused the costs of imported goods,
gasoline, and food to skyrocket, while unemployment spiked. [119]
Revolution[ edit ]
In February 1974, four days of serious riots in Addis Ababa against a sudden economic inflation left five
dead. The emperor responded by announcing on national television a reduction in petrol prices and a
freeze on the cost of basic commodities. This calmed the public, but the promised 33% military wage
hike was not substantial enough to pacify the army, which then mutinied, beginning in Asmara and
spreading throughout the empire. This mutiny led to the resignation of Prime Minister Aklilu Habte-
Wold on 27 February 1974. [147] Haile Selassie again went on television to agree to the army's demands
for still greater pay, and named Endelkachew Makonnen as his new Prime Minister. Despite
Endalkatchew's many concessions, discontent continued in March with a four-day general strike that
paralyzed the nation.
Imprisonment[ edit ]
The deposition of Emperor Haile Selassie I (above rear window) from the Jubilee Palace on 12 September 1974,
marking the coup d'état's action on that day and the assumption of power by the Derg.
The Derg , a committee of low-ranking military officers and enlisted men, set up in June to investigate
the military's demands, took advantage of the government's disarray to depose the 82-year-old
Selassie on 12 September. [148] General Aman Mikael Andom , a Protestant of Eritrean origin, [147] served
briefly as provisional head of state pending the return of Crown Prince Asfa Wossen , who was then
receiving medical treatment abroad. Selassie was placed under house arrest briefly at the 4th Army
Division in Addis Ababa, [147] while most of his family was detained at the late Duke of Harar 's residence
in the north of the capital. The last months of the emperor's life were spent in imprisonment, in the
Grand Palace. [149] Reportedly, his mental condition was such that he believed he was still Emperor of
Ethiopia. [150]
Later, most of the imperial family was imprisoned in the Addis Ababa prison Kerchele, also known as
" Alem Bekagne ", or "I've had Enough of This World". On 23 November, sixty former high officials of the
imperial government were executed by firing squad without trial, [151] which included Selassie's
grandson Iskinder Desta , a rear admiral, as well as General Andom and two former prime
ministers . [149][152] These killings, known to Ethiopians as "Bloody Saturday", were condemned by
Crown Prince Asfa Wossen; the Derg responded to his rebuke by revoking its acknowledgment of his
imperial legitimacy, and announcing the end of the Solomonic dynasty . [151]
Death and interment[ edit ]
On 28 August 1975, the state media reported that Selassie had died on 27 August of "respiratory
failure" following complications from a prostate examination followed up by a prostate
operation. [153] Dr. Asrat Woldeyes denied that complications had occurred and rejected the government
version of his death.[ citation needed ] An Ethiopian court found several former military officers guilty of
strangling the emperor in his bed in 1994, three years after the military socialist Derg regime was
overthrown. [154] The court charged them with genocide and murder, claiming that it had obtained
documents attesting to a high-level order from the military regime to assassinate Selassie for leading a
"feudal regime". [155] Documents have been widely circulated online showing the Derg's final
assassination order and bearing the military regime's seal and signature. [156][157] The veracity of
these documents has been corroborated by multiple former members of the military Derg
regime. [158][159]
The Soviet-backed PDRE fell in 1991. In 1992, Selassie's bones were found under a concrete slab on
the palace grounds, [160] though some reports suggest that his remains were discovered beneath a
latrine. [161] Selassie's coffin rested in Bhata Church for nearly a decade, near his great-uncle Menelik
II 's resting place. [162] On 5 November 2000, the Ethiopian Orthodox church gave him a funeral, but the
government refused calls to declare the ceremony an official imperial funeral. [162]
Prominent Rastafari figures such as Rita Marley participated in the funeral, but most Rastafari rejected
the event and refused to accept that the bones were the remains of Selassie. There is some debate
within the Rastafari movement whether he actually died in 1975. [163]
Section 9: Mahatma Gandhi
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ( /ˈɡɑːndi, ˈɡændi/ ; [2] Hindustani: [ˈmoːɦəndaːs ˈkərəmtʃənd ˈɡaːndʱi] (
listen ); 2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948) was an Indian activist who was the leader of the Indian
independence movement against British colonial rule . [3] Employing nonviolent civil disobedience ,
Gandhi led India to independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the
world. The honorific Mahātmā ( Sanskrit : "high-souled", "venerable") [4] was applied to him first in 1914
in South Africa [5] and is now used worldwide. In India, he was also called Bapu, a term that he
preferred [6] ( Gujarati : endearment for father, [7] papa [7][8] ), and Gandhi ji , and is known as the Father
of the Nation . [9][10]
Born and raised in a Hindu family in coastal Gujarat , western India , and trained in law at the Inner Temple ,
London, Gandhi first employed nonviolent civil disobedience as an expatriate lawyer in South Africa, in
the resident Indian community's struggle for civil rights. After his return to India in 1915, he set about
organising peasants, farmers, and urban labourers to protest against excessive land-tax and
discrimination. Assuming leadership of the Indian National Congress in 1921, Gandhi led nationwide
campaigns for various social causes and for achieving Swaraj or self-rule. [11]
Gandhi led Indians in challenging the British-imposed salt tax with the 400 km (250 mi) Dandi Salt
March in 1930, and later in calling for the British to Quit India in 1942. He was imprisoned for many
years, upon many occasions, in both South Africa and India. He lived modestly in a self-sufficient
residential community and wore the traditional Indian dhoti and shawl, woven with yarn hand-spun on
a charkha . He ate simple vegetarian food, and also undertook long fasts as a means of both self-
purification and political protest.
Gandhi's vision of an independent India based on religious pluralism was challenged in the early 1940s
by a new Muslim nationalism which was demanding a separate Muslim homeland carved out of
India. [12] In August 1947, Britain granted independence, but the British Indian
Empire [12] was partitioned into two dominions , a Hindu-majority India and Muslim-majority Pakistan . [13] As
many displaced Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs made their way to their new lands, religious violence broke
out, especially in the Punjab and Bengal . Eschewing the official celebration of independence in Delhi,
Gandhi visited the affected areas, attempting to provide solace. In the months following, he undertook
several fasts unto death to stop religious violence. The last of these, undertaken on 12 January 1948
when he was 78, [14] also had the indirect goal of pressuring India to pay out some cash assets owed to
Pakistan. [14] Some Indians thought Gandhi was too accommodating. [14][15] Among them
was Nathuram Godse , a Hindu nationalist , who assassinated Gandhi on 30 January 1948 by firing three
bullets into his chest. [15]
Gandhi's birthday, 2 October, is commemorated in India as Gandhi Jayanti , a national holiday , and
worldwide as the International Day of Nonviolence .
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi
Section 10: Mother Theresa
Mary Teresa Bojaxhiu [6] (born Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu, Albanian: [aˈɲɛzə ˈɡɔndʒɛ bɔjaˈdʒiu] ; 26
August 1910 – 5 September 1997), commonly known as Mother Teresa and honoured in the Roman
Catholic Church as Saint Teresa of Calcutta, [7] was an Albanian - Indian[4] Roman
Catholic nun and missionary . [8] She was born in Skopje (now the capital of North Macedonia ), then part
of the Kosovo Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire. After living in Skopje for eighteen years, she moved to
Ireland and then to India , where she lived for most of her life.
In 1950, Teresa founded the Missionaries of Charity , a Roman Catholic religious congregation that had
over 4,500 nuns and was active in 133 countries in 2012. The congregation manages homes for people
who are dying of HIV/AIDS , leprosy and tuberculosis . It also runs soup kitchens , dispensaries, mobile
clinics, children's and family counselling programmes, as well as orphanages and schools. Members take
vows of chastity, poverty, and obedience , and also profess a fourth vow—to give "wholehearted free
service to the poorest of the poor." [9]
Teresa received a number of honours, including the 1962 Ramon Magsaysay Peace Prize and 1979 Nobel
Peace Prize . She was canonised (recognised by the church as a saint ) on 4 September 2016, and the
anniversary of her death (5 September) is her feast day .
A controversial figure during her life and after her death , Teresa was admired by many for her charitable
work. She was praised and criticised for her opposition to abortion , and criticised for poor conditions in
her houses for the dying. Her authorised biography was written by Navin Chawla and published in 1992,
and she has been the subject of films and other books . On September 6, 2017, Teresa and St. Francis
Xavier were named co-patrons of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Calcutta.
Section 11: Martin Luther King
Section 12: Emmeline Pankhurst
In 1903, the social reformer Emmeline Pankhurst founded the Women’s
Social and Political Union to campaign for the parliamentary vote for women
in Edwardian Britain, ‘Deeds, not words’ being its motto. A charismatic
leader and powerful orator, Pankhurst roused thousands of women to
demand, rather than ask politely, for their democratic right in a mass
movement that has been unparalleled in British history. Always in the thick
of the struggle, she endured 13 imprisonments, her name and cause
becoming known throughout the world.
Section 13:Eleanor Roosevelt
Anna Eleanor Roosevelt ( /ˈɛlɪnɔːr ˈroʊzəvɛlt/ ; October 11, 1884 – November 7, 1962) was an
American political figure, diplomat and activist. [5] She served as the First Lady of the United States from
March 4, 1933 to April 12, 1945 during her husband President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's four terms in
office, making her the longest serving First Lady of the United States. [5] Roosevelt served as United
States Delegate to the United Nations General Assembly from 1945 to 1952. [6][7] President Harry S.
Truman later called her the "First Lady of the World" in tribute to her human rights achievements. [8]
Roosevelt was a member of the prominent American Roosevelt and Livingston families and a niece of
President Theodore Roosevelt . [7] She had an unhappy childhood, having suffered the deaths of both
parents and one of her brothers at a young age. At 15, she attended Allenwood Academy in London
and was deeply influenced by its headmistress Marie Souvestre . Returning to the U.S., she married her
fifth cousin once removed, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, in 1905. she resolved to seek fulfillment in
leading a public life of her own. She persuaded Franklin to stay in politics after he was stricken with a
paralytic illness in 1921, which cost him the normal use of his legs, and began giving speeches and
appearing at campaign events in his place. Following Franklin's election as Governor of New York in
1928, and throughout the remainder of Franklin's public career in government, Roosevelt regularly
made public appearances on his behalf, and as First Lady, while her husband served as President, she
significantly reshaped and redefined the role of First Lady.
Though widely respected in her later years, Roosevelt was a controversial First Lady at the time for her
outspokenness, particularly on civil rights for African-Americans. She was the first presidential spouse
to hold regular press conferences, write a daily newspaper column, write a monthly magazine column,
host a weekly radio show, and speak at a national party convention. On a few occasions, she publicly
disagreed with her husband's policies. She launched an experimental community at Arthurdale, West
Virginia , for the families of unemployed miners, later widely regarded as a failure. She advocated for
expanded roles for women in the workplace, the civil rights of African Americans and Asian Americans,
and the rights of World War II refugees.
Following her husband's death in 1945, Roosevelt remained active in politics for the remaining 17 years
of her life. She pressed the United States to join and support the United Nations and became its first
delegate. She served as the first chair of the UN Commission on Human Rights and oversaw the drafting
of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Later she chaired the John F.
Kennedy administration's Presidential Commission on the Status of Women . By the time of her death,
Roosevelt was regarded as "one of the most esteemed women in the world"; The New York Times her
called "the object of almost universal respect" in an obituary. [9] In 1999, she was ranked ninth in the top
ten of Gallup's List of Most Widely Admired People of the 20th Century . [10]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt
Section 14: Malcom X
Malcolm X (May 19, 1925 – February 21, 1965) was an American Muslim minister and human rights
activist who was a popular figure during the civil rights movement . He is best known for his
controversial advocacy for the rights of blacks; some consider him a man who indicted white America in
the harshest terms for its crimes against black Americans, while others accused him of
preaching racism and violence.
Born Malcolm Little in Omaha, Nebraska , he relocated to New York City's Harlem neighborhood in 1943,
after spending his teenage years in a series of foster homes following his father's murder and his
mother's hospitalization. In New York, Little engaged in several illicit activities, and was eventually
sentenced to ten years in prison in 1946 for larceny and breaking and entering. In prison, he joined
the Nation of Islam (NOI) and changed his name to Malcolm X. After his release, he quickly became one
of the organization's most influential leaders after being paroled in 1952.
During the civil rights movement, Malcolm X served as the public face of the controversial group for a
dozen years, where he advocated for black supremacy , the separation of black and white Americans , and
rejected the notion of the civil rights movement for its emphasis on racial integration . He also expressed
pride in some of the social achievements he made with the Nation, particularly its free drug rehabilitation
program . In the 1950s, Malcolm X endured surveillance from the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) for
the Nation's supposed links to communism .
In the 1960s, Malcolm X began to grow disillusioned with the Nation of Islam, and in particular, with its
leader Elijah Muhammad . Expressing many regrets about his time with them, which he had come to
regard as largely wasted, he instead embraced Sunni Islam . Malcolm X then began to advocate for
racial integration and disavowed racism after completing Hajj , whereby he also became known as el-
Hajj Malik el-Shabazz. [A] After a brief period of travel across Africa, he notably repudiated the Nation
of Islam, and founded Muslim Mosque, Inc. (MMI) and the Organization of Afro-American Unity (OAAU) to
emphasize Pan-Africanism .
Throughout 1964, his conflict with the Nation of Islam intensified, and he was repeatedly sent death
threats. On February 21, 1965, Malcolm X was preparing to address the OAAU in Manhattan when he
was assassinated by Thomas Hagan , Thomas Johnson, and Norman Butler, three members of the
Nation of Islam. The trio were sentenced to indeterminate life sentences, and were required to serve a
minimum of 20 years in prison. Conspiracy theories regarding the assassination, and whether it was
conceived or aided by leading members of the Nation or with law enforcement agencies, have persisted
for decades after the shooting.
Malcolm X was posthumously honored with Malcolm X Day , which commemorates him in various cities
and countries worldwide. Hundreds of streets and schools in the U.S. have been renamed in his honor,
while the Audubon Ballroom , the site of his assassination, was in part redeveloped in 2005 to
accommodate the Malcolm X and Dr. Betty Shabazz Memorial and Educational Center .
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X
section 15:Claudia Castrosín Verdú
Claudia Roxana Castrosín Verdú, also known as Claudia Castro, is an Argentine LGBT activist. She
presides over La Fulana, an organization that supports lesbian and bisexual women, and is also the
vice president of the Argentine Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Trans Federation [es] (FALGBT),
through which she has contributed to laws sanctioning same-sex marriage, gender identity,
and medically assisted reproduction [es].[1] In 2007 she presented, together with María Rachid, her
partner at the time, the first judicial protection for declaring the unconstitutionality of two articles of
the civil code that prevented marriage between people of the same sex.[2] After the approval of the
Equal Marriage Law in 2010, she married Flavia Massenzio and adopted a daughter,
Estefanía.[3][4]
Castrosín used the name Claudia Castro for twelve years to "protect" her parents, until in 2010 she
decided to present herself with her two last names.[5] In 2012, the Buenos Aires City
Legislature named her "Outstanding Personality in the field of Human Rights", following a Rachid
project.[1]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Castros%C3%ADn_Verd%C3%BA
Section 16: Harvey Milk
Harvey Bernard Milk (May 22, 1930 – November 27, 1978) was an American politician and the
first openly gay elected official in the history of California, where he was elected to the San
Francisco Board of Supervisors. Although he was the most pro-LGBTpolitician in the United States
at the time, politics and activism were not his early interests; he was neither open about his
sexuality nor civically active until he was 40, after his experiences in the counterculture movement
of the 1960s.
In 1972, Milk moved from New York City to the Castro District of San Francisco amid a migration
of gay and bisexual men. He took advantage of the growing political and economic power of the
neighborhood to promote his interests and unsuccessfully ran three times for political office. Milk's
theatrical campaigns earned him increasing popularity, and in 1977 he won a seat as a city
supervisor. His election was made possible by a key component of a shift in San Francisco politics.
Milk served almost eleven months in office, during which he sponsored a bill banning
discrimination in public accommodations, housing, and employment on the basis of sexual
orientation. The Supervisors passed the bill by a vote of 11-1 and was signed into law by Mayor
Moscone. On November 27, 1978, Milk and Mayor George Moscone were assassinated by Dan
White, who was another city supervisor. White had recently resigned to pursue a private business
enterprise, but that endeavor eventually failed and he sought to get his old job back. White was
sentenced to seven years in prison for manslaughter, which was later reduced to five years. He was
released in 1983 and committed suicide by carbon monoxide inhalation two years later.
Despite his short career in politics, Milk became an icon in San Francisco and a martyr in the gay
community.[note 1] In 2002, Milk was called "the most famous and most significantly
open LGBT official ever elected in the United States".[2] Anne Kronenberg, his final campaign
manager, wrote of him: "What set Harvey apart from you or me was that he was a visionary. He
imagined a righteous world inside his head and then he set about to create it for real, for all of
us."[3] Milk was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2009.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Milk
Section 17:Wangari Maathai
Wangari Maathai was a Kenyan environmental activist who founded the Green Belt Movement
which campaigned for the planting of trees, environmental conversation and women’s rights. The
first woman in East and Central Africa to earn a doctorate degree, Maathai was elected to
parliament and appointed assistant minister for Environment and Natural Resources from 2003–
2005. Her work was internationally recognised when, in 2004, she became the first African woman
to receive the Nobel Peace Prize for her contribution to sustainable development, peace and
democracy.
Wangarĩ Muta Maathai (wàŋɡàˈɹɛ |m|ɑː|ˈ|t|aɪ; 1 April 1940 – 25 September 2011) was a renowned
Kenyan social, environmental and political activist and the first African woman to win the Nobel
Prize.[1] She was educated in the United States at Mount St. Scholastica(Benedictine College) and
the University of Pittsburgh, as well as the University of Nairobi in Kenya.
In 1977, Maathai founded the Green Belt Movement,[2] an environmental non-governmental
organization focused on the planting of trees, environmental conservation, and women's rights. In
1984, she was awarded the Right Livelihood Award in 2004. Maathai was an elected member of
Parliament and served as assistant minister for Environment and Natural resources in the
government of President Mwai Kibaki between January 2003 and November 2005. She was an
Honorary Councillor of the World Future Council. She was affiliated to professional bodies and
received several awards.[3] On Sunday, 25 September 2011, Maathai died of complications
from ovarian cancer.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangari_Maathai
Section 18: Wong Fei hung
Wong was born in Luzhou Hamlet, Lingxi Villige, Xiqiao Country, Foshan Town, Nanhai County, which is
a present day part of Foshan City , Guangdong Province , during the reign of the Daoguang Emperor in
the Qing dynasty . His ancestral home was in Luzhou Hamlet, Lingxi Villige, Xiqiao Country, Foshan
Town, Nanhai County, Guangzhou Prefecture, Guangdong Province, which is now part of Xiqiao
Town , Nanhai District , Foshan City. [1]
At the age of five, Wong started learning Hung Ga from his father, Wong Kei-ying . He often accompanied
his father on trips from Foshan to Guangzhou, the provincial capital of Guangdong Province, where his
father peddled medicine and performed martial arts in the streets. When he was 13, he encountered
Lam Fuk-sing (林福成; Lin Fucheng), an apprentice of "Iron Bridge Three" Leung Kwan , in Douchi Street
in Foshan Town. Lam taught him how to use the sling and the essential moves of the martial art Iron
Wire Fist . [1] Later, he learned the Shadowless Kick from Sung Fai-tong (宋輝鏜; Song Huitang).[ citation
needed ]
In 1863, Wong started a martial arts school in Shuijiao (水腳) in Xiguan , which is a present day location
of Liwan District , Guangzhou City . His students were mainly metal labourers and street vendors. In 1886,
Wong opened his family's medical clinic, Po Chi Lam (寶芝林; Baozhilin), in Ren'an (仁安), which is a
present day part of Xiaobei Road, Yuexiu District , Guangzhou City. [1] In legend, around the 1860s or
1870s, Wong was recruited by Liu Yongfu , the commander of the Black Flag Army , to be the medical
officer and martial arts instructor for the regular soldiers and the local militia in Guangzhou. He also
followed the Black Flag Army to fight the Imperial Japanese Army during the Japanese invasion of Taiwan in
1895.[ citation needed ]
In 1912, the Republic of China was established following the collapse of the Qing dynasty . During the
chaotic early years of the Republican era, many businessmen who operated places of entertainment in
Guangzhou decided to hire guards (or bouncers ) to protect their businesses on-site in case trouble broke
out. As Wong was trained in martial arts, he was hired by various businesses to be one of such
guards.[ citation needed ]
In 1919, when the Chin Woo Athletic Association opened a branch in Guangzhou, Wong was invited to
perform at the opening ceremony. [1] In the same year, Wong Hon-sam, one of Wong's sons, who was
working as a bodyguard in Wuzhou City , Guangxi Province , was murdered by a rival known as "Devil
Eye" Leung (鬼眼梁), who was apparently jealous that Wong Hon-sam was better than him in martial
arts. Wong was so affected by this incident that he stopped teaching his other sons martial arts. [5]
Between August and October 1924, Wong's medical clinic, Po Chi Lam, was destroyed when
the Nationalist government was suppressing the uprising by the Guangzhou Merchant Volunteers Corps.
Wong felt so dejected and saddened by the loss of Po Chi Lam that he fell into depression and became
ill. He died from illness on 17 April 1925 in Chengxi Fangbian Hospital (城西方便醫院), [6] which is the
present day location of the Guangzhou First People's Hospital (廣州市第一人民醫院) at Panfu Road in
Guangzhou's Yuexiu District . [7] He was buried at the foot of Baiyun Mountain . [1]
Wong's fourth wife, Mok Kwai-lan , and his sons, along with his students Lam Sai-wing and Dang Sai-
king (鄧世瓊; Deng Shiqiong), moved to Hong Kong and opened martial arts schools there.
Wong's grave location is currently unknown. It is also believed that his grave, along with others within
the cemetery were long expunged for future developments. [8]
Section 19: Kofi Annan
Kofi Atta Annan ( /ˈkoʊfi ˈænæn/ ; [1] 8 April 1938 – 18 August 2018) was a Ghanaian diplomat who
served as the seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations from January 1997 to December 2006.
Annan and the UN were the co-recipients of the 2001 Nobel Peace Prize . [2] He was the founder and
chairman of the Kofi Annan Foundation , as well as chairman of The Elders , an international
organization founded by Nelson Mandela . [3]
Annan studied economics at Macalester College , international relations at the Graduate Institute Geneva ,
and management at MIT . Annan joined the UN in 1962, working for the World Health
Organization 's Geneva office. He went on to work in several capacities at the UN Headquarters including
serving as the Under-Secretary-General for peacekeeping between March 1992 and December 1996. He
was appointed the Secretary-General on 13 December 1996 by the Security Council , and later confirmed
by the General Assembly , making him the first office holder to be elected from the UN staff itself. He was
re-elected for a second term in 2001, and was succeeded as Secretary-General by Ban Ki-moon on 1
January 2007.
As the Secretary-General, Annan reformed the UN bureaucracy; worked to combat HIV/AIDS ,
especially in Africa ; and launched the UN Global Compact . He was criticized for not expanding the
Security Council and faced calls for his resignation after an investigation into the Oil-for-Food
Programme , but was largely exonerated of personal corruption. [4] After the end of his term as UN
Secretary-General, he founded the Kofi Annan Foundation in 2007 to work on international development .
In 2012, Annan was the UN– Arab League Joint Special Representative for Syria , to help find a resolution to
the ongoing conflict there. [5][6] Annan quit after becoming frustrated with the UN's lack of progress with
regards to conflict resolution. [7][8] In September 2016, Annan was appointed to lead a UN commission
to investigate the Rohingya crisis .
Early years and education[ edit ]
Kofi Annan was born in the Kofandros section of Kumasi in the Gold Coast (now Ghana) on 8 April 1938.
His twin sister Efua Atta, who died in 1991, shared the middle name Atta, which in the Akan
language means 'twin'. [10] Annan and his sister were born into one of the
country's Ashanti and Fante aristocratic families; both of their grandfathers and their uncle were tribal
chiefs . [11]
In the Akan names tradition, some children are named according to the day of the week on which they
were born, sometimes in relation to how many children precede them. Kofi in Akan is the name that
corresponds with Friday. [12] Annan said that his surname rhymes with "cannon" in English. [13]
From 1954 to 1957, Annan attended the elite Mfantsipim school, a Methodist boarding school in Cape
Coast founded in the 1870s. Annan said that the school taught him that "suffering anywhere, concerns
people everywhere". [14] In 1957, the year Annan graduated from Mfantsipim, the Gold Coast gained
independence from the UK and began using the name "Ghana".
In 1958, Annan began studying economics at the Kumasi College of Science and Technology, now
the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology of Ghana . He received a Ford Foundation grant,
enabling him to complete his undergraduate studies in economics at Macalester College in St.
Paul , Minnesota , United States, in 1961. Annan then completed a diplôme d'études
approfondies DEA degree in International Relations at The Graduate Institute of International and
Development Studies in Geneva, Switzerland, from 1961–62. After some years of work experience, he
studied at the MIT Sloan School of Management[15] (1971–72) in the Sloan Fellows program and earned
a master's degree in management.
Annan was fluent in English , French , Akan , and some Kru languages as well as other African languages . [16]
Career[ edit ]
In 1962, Kofi Annan started working as a budget officer for the World Health Organization , an agency of
the United Nations (UN). [17] From 1974 to 1976, he worked as a manager of the state-owned Ghana
Tourist Development Company in Accra . [18] In 1980 he became the head of personnel for the office of
the UN High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) in Geneva. In 1983 he became the director of
administrative management services of the UN Secretariat in New York. In 1987, Annan was appointed
as an Assistant Secretary-General for Human Resources Management and Security Coordinator for the
UN system. In 1990, he became Assistant Secretary-General for Program Planning, Budget and
Finance, and Control. [18]
When Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali established the Department of Peacekeeping
When Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali established the Department of Peacekeeping
Operations (DPKO) in 1992, Annan was appointed to the new department as Deputy to then Under-
Secretary-General Marrack Goulding . [19] Annan was subsequently appointed in March 1993 as Under-
Secretary-General of that department. [20] On 29 August 1995, while Boutros-Ghali was unreachable on
an airplane, Annan instructed United Nations officials to "relinquish for a limited period of time their
authority to veto air strikes in Bosnia ." This move allowed NATO forces to conduct Operation Deliberate
Force and made him a favorite of the United States. According to Richard Holbrooke , Annan's "gutsy
performance" convinced the United States that he would be a good replacement for Boutros-Ghali. [21]
He was appointed a Special Representative of the Secretary-General to the former Yugoslavia , serving
from November 1995 to March 1996. [22][23]
Criticism[ edit ]
In 2003, retired Canadian General Roméo Dallaire , who was force commander of the United Nations
Assistance Mission for Rwanda , claimed that Annan was overly passive in his response to the
imminent genocide . In his book Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda (2003),
Dallaire asserted that Annan held back UN troops from intervening to settle the conflict, and from
providing more logistical and material support. Dallaire claimed that Annan failed to provide responses
to his repeated faxes asking for access to a weapons depository; such weapons could have helped
Dallaire defend the endangered Tutsis . In 2004, ten years after the genocide in which an estimated
800,000 people were killed, Annan said, "I could and should have done more to sound the alarm and
rally support." [24]
External video
After Words interview with Annan on Interventions, September 9, 2012 , C-SPAN
In his book Interventions: A Life in War and Peace , Annan again argued that the United Nations
Department of Peacekeeping Operations could have made better use of the media to raise awareness
of the violence in Rwanda and put pressure on governments to provide the troops necessary for an
intervention. Annan explained that the events in Somalia and the collapse of the UNOSOM II
mission fostered a hesitation among UN Member states to approve robust peacekeeping operations. As
a result, when the UNAMIR mission was approved just days after the battle, the resulting force lacked
the troop levels, resources and mandate to operate effectively. [25]
Secretary-General of the United Nations (1997–2006)[ edit ]
Appointment[ edit ]
Main article: United Nations Secretary-General selection, 1996
In 1996, Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali ran unopposed for a second term. Although he won 14
of the 15 votes on the Security Council, he was vetoed by the United States. [26] After four deadlocked
meetings of the Security Council, Boutros-Ghali suspended his candidacy, becoming the only
Secretary-General ever to be denied a second term. Annan was the leading candidate to replace him,
beating Amara Essy by one vote in the first round. However, France vetoed Annan four times before
finally abstaining. The UN Security Council recommended Annan on 13 December
1996. [27][28] Confirmed four days later by the vote of the General Assembly, [29] he started his first term
as Secretary-General on 1 January 1997.
Due to Boutros-Ghali's overthrow, a second Annan term would give Africa the office of Secretary-
General for three consecutive terms. In 2001, the Asia-Pacific Group agreed to support Annan for a
second term in return for the African Group 's support for an Asian Secretary-General in the 2006
selection . [30] The Security Council recommended Annan for a second term on 27 June 2001, and the
General Assembly approved his reappointment on 29 June 2001. [31]
Activities[ edit ]
Annan with the President of Russia Vladimir Putin at United Nations Headquarters in New York City on 16 November 2001.
Recommendations for UN reform[ edit ]
Silk carpet portrait of Kofi Annan at the UN headquarters
Soon after taking office in 1997, Annan released two reports on management reform. On 17 March
1997, the report Management and Organisational Measures (A/51/829) introduced new management
mechanisms through the establishment of a cabinet-style body to assist him and be grouping the UN's
activities in accordance with four core missions. A comprehensive reform agenda was issued on 14
July 1997 entitled Renewing the United Nations: A Programme for Reform (A/51/950). Key proposals
included the introduction of strategic management to strengthen unity of purpose, the establishment of
the position of Deputy Secretary-General, a 10-percent reduction in posts, a reduction in administrative
costs, the consolidation of the UN at the country level, and reaching out to civil society and the private
sector as partners. Annan also proposed to hold a Millennium Summit in 2000. [32] After years of
research, Annan presented a progress report, In Larger Freedom , to the UN General Assembly, on 21
March 2005. Annan recommended Security Council expansion and a host of other UN reforms . [33]
On 31 January 2006, Annan outlined his vision for a comprehensive and extensive reform of the UN in
a policy speech to the United Nations Association UK . The speech, delivered at Central Hall , Westminster ,
also marked the 60th Anniversary of the first meetings of the General Assembly and Security
Council. [34]
On 7 March 2006, he presented to the General Assembly his proposals for a fundamental overhaul of
the United Nations Secretariat. The reform report is entitled Investing in the United Nations, For a
Stronger Organization Worldwide. [35]
On 30 March 2006, he presented to the General Assembly his analysis and recommendations for
updating the entire work programme of the United Nations Secretariat. The reform report is
entitled: Mandating and Delivering: Analysis and Recommendations to Facilitate the Review of
Mandates. [36]
Regarding the UN Human Rights Council , Annan said "declining credibility" had "cast a shadow on the
reputation of the United Nations system. Unless we re-make our human rights machinery, we may be
unable to renew public confidence in the United Nations itself." However, he did believe that, despite its
flaws, the council could do good. [37][38]
In March 2000, Annan appointed the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations [39] to assess the
shortcomings of the then existing system and to make specific and realistic recommendations for
change. [40] The panel was composed of individuals experienced in conflict prevention, peacekeeping
and peace-building. The report it produced, which became known as the Brahimi Report , after Chair of
the Panel Lakhdar Brahimi , called for: [41]
1. renewed political commitment on the part of Member States;
2. significant institutional change;
3. increased financial support.
The Panel further noted that in order to be effective, UN peacekeeping operations must be properly
resourced and equipped, and operate under clear, credible and achievable mandates. [41] In a letter
transmitting the report to the General Assembly and Security Council, Annan stated that the Panel's
recommendations were essential to make the United Nations truly credible as a force for
peace. [42] Later that same year, the Security Council adopted several provisions relating to
peacekeeping following the report, in Resolution 1327 . [43]
Millennium Development Goals[ edit ]
In 2000, Annan issued a report entitled: "We the peoples: the role of the United Nations in the 21st
century". [44] The report called for member states to "put people at the centre of everything we do. [45] No
calling is more noble, and no responsibility greater, than that of enabling men, women and children, in
cities and villages around the world, to make their lives better". [46] :7
In the final chapter of the report, Annan called to "free our fellow men and women from the abject and
dehumanizing poverty in which more than 1 billion of them are currently confined". [46] :77
At the Millennium Summit in September 2000, national leaders adopted the Millennium Declaration ,
which was subsequently implemented by the United Nations Secretariat as the Millennium Development
Goals in 2001. [47]
United Nations Information Technology Service (UNITeS)[ edit ]
Within the "We the Peoples" document, Annan suggested the establishment of a United Nations
Information Technology Service (UNITeS), a consortium of high-tech volunteer corps,
including NetCorps Canada and Net Corps America, which United Nations Volunteers would co-ordinate.
In the Report of the high-level panel of experts on information and communication technology (22 May
2000) suggesting a UN ICT Task Force , the panel welcomed the establishment of UNITeS, and made
suggestions on its configuration and implementation strategy, including that
ICT4D volunteering opportunities make mobilizing "national human resources" (local ICT experts) within
developing countries a priority, for both men and women. The initiative was launched at the United
Nations Volunteers and was active from February 2001 to February 2005. Initiative staff and volunteers
participated in the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) in Geneva in December 2003. [48]
The United Nations Global Compact[ edit ]
In an address to The World Economic Forum on 31 January 1999, Secretary-General Annan argued
that the "goals of the United Nations and those of business can, indeed, be mutually supportive" and
proposed that the private sector and the United Nations initiate "a global compact of shared values and
principles, which will give a human face to the global market". [49]
On 26 July 2000, the United Nations Global Compact was officially launched at UN headquarters in New
York. It is a principle-based framework for businesses which aims to "Catalyse actions in support of
broader UN goals, such as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)". [50] The Compact established
ten core principles in the areas of human rights, labour, the environment and anti-corruption, and under
the Compact, companies commit to the ten principles and are brought together with UN agencies,
labour groups and civil society to effectively implement them.
Establishment of The Global Fund[ edit ]
Towards the end of the 1990s, increased awareness of the destructive potential of epidemics such as
HIV/AIDS pushed public health issues to the top of the global development agenda. In April 2001,
Annan issued a five-point "Call to Action" to address the HIV/AIDS pandemic . Stating it was a "personal
priority", Annan proposed the establishment of a Global AIDS and Health Fund , "dedicated to the battle
against HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases" [51] to stimulate the increased international spending
needed to help developing countries confront the HIV/AIDS crisis. In June of that year, the General
Assembly of the United Nations committed to the creation of such a fund during a special session on
AIDS, [52] and the permanent secretariat of the Global Fund was subsequently established in January
2002. [53]
Responsibility to Protect[ edit ]
Following the failure of Annan and the International Community to intervene in the genocide in Rwanda
and in Srebrenica, Annan asked whether the international community had an obligation in such
situations to intervene to protect civilian populations. In a speech to the General Assembly on 20
September 1999 "to address the prospects for human security and intervention in the next
century," [54] Annan argued that individual sovereignty—the protections afforded by the Declaration of
Human Rights and the Charter of the UN—was being strengthened, while the notion of state
sovereignty was being redefined by globalization and international co-operation. As a result, the UN
and its member states had to consider a willingness to act to prevent conflict and civilian suffering, [55] a
dilemma between "two concepts of sovereignty" that Annan also presented in a preceding article in The
Economist , on 16 September 1999. [56]
In September 2001 the Canadian government established an ad-hoc committee to address this balance
between state sovereignty and humanitarian intervention. The International Commission on Intervention
and State Sovereignty published its final report in 2001, which focused on not on the right of states to
intervene but a responsibility to protect populations at risk. The report moved beyond the question of
military intervention, arguing that a range of diplomatic and humanitarian actions could also be utilized
to protect civilian populations. [57]
In 2005, Annan included the doctrine of " Responsibility to Protect " in his report Larger Freedom . [57] When
that report was endorsed by the UN General Assembly, it amounted to the first formal endorsement by
UN Member States of the doctrine of Responsibility to Protect. [58]
Iraq[ edit ]
In the years after 1998 when UNSCOM was expelled by the government of Saddam Hussein and during
the Iraq disarmament crisis , in which the United States blamed UNSCOM and former IAEA director Hans
Blix for failing to properly disarm Iraq, former UNSCOM chief weapons inspector Scott Ritter blamed
Annan for being slow and ineffective in enforcing Security Council resolutions on Iraq and was overtly
submissive to the demands of the Clinton administration for regime removal and inspection of sites,
often Presidential palaces, that were not mandated in any resolution and were of questionable
intelligence value, severely hampering UNSCOM's ability to co-operate with the Iraqi government and
contributed to their expulsion from the country. [59][60] Ritter also claimed that Annan regularly interfered
with the work of the inspectors and diluted the chain of command by trying to micromanage all of the
activities of UNSCOM, which caused intelligence processing (and the resulting inspections) to be
backed up and caused confusion with the Iraqis as to who was in charge and as a result, they generally
refused to take orders from Ritter or Rolf Ekéus without explicit approval from Annan, which could have
taken days, if not weeks. He later believed that Annan was oblivious to the fact the Iraqis took
advantage of this in order to delay inspections. He claimed that on one occasion, Annan refused to
implement a no-notice inspection of the SSO headquarters and instead tried to negotiate access, but the
negotiation ended up taking nearly six weeks, giving the Iraqis more than enough time to clean out the
site. [61]
During the build-up to the 2003 invasion of Iraq , Annan called on the United States and the United
Kingdom not to invade without the support of the United Nations. In a September 2004 interview on
the BBC , when questioned about the legal authority for the invasion, Annan said he believed it was not
in conformity with the UN charter and was illegal. [62][63]
Other diplomatic activities[ edit ]
In 1998, Annan was deeply involved in supporting the transition from military to civilian rule in Nigeria .
The following year, he supported the efforts of East Timor to secure independence from Indonesia. In
2000, he was responsible for certifying Israel 's withdrawal from Lebanon, and in 2006, he led talks in
New York between the presidents of Cameroon and Nigeria which led to a settlement of the dispute
between the two countries over the Bakassi peninsula. [64]
Annan and Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad disagreed sharply on Iran's nuclear program, on an
Iranian exhibition of cartoons mocking the Holocaust, and on the then upcoming International Conference
to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust , an Iranian Holocaust denial conference in 2006. [65] During a
visit to Iran instigated by continued Iranian uranium enrichment, Annan said "I think the tragedy of the
Holocaust is an undeniable historical fact and we should really accept that fact and teach people what
happened in World War II and ensure it is never repeated." [65]
Annan supported sending a UN peacekeeping mission to Darfur , Sudan. [66] He worked with the
government of Sudan to accept a transfer of power from the African Union peacekeeping mission to a UN
one. [67] Annan also worked with several Arab and Muslim countries on women's rights and other
topics. [68]
Beginning in 1998, Annan convened an annual UN "Security Council Retreat" with the 15 States'
representatives of the Council. It was held at the Rockefeller Brothers Fund (RBF) Conference Center at
the Rockefeller family estate in Pocantico Hills, New York , and was sponsored by both the RBF and the
UN. [69]
Lubbers sexual-harassment investigation[ edit ]
In June 2004, Annan was given a copy of the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) report on the
complaint brought by four female workers against Ruud Lubbers , UN High Commissioner for Refugees ,
for sexual harassment , abuse of authority, and retaliation. The report also reviewed a long-serving staff
member's allegations of sexual harassment and misconduct against Werner Blatter, Director of UNHCR
Personnel. The investigation found Lubbers guilty of sexual harassment; no mention was made publicly
of the other charge against a senior official, or two subsequent complaints filed later that year. In the
course of the official investigation, Lubbers wrote a letter which some considered was a threat to the
female worker who had brought the charges. [70] On 15 July 2004, Annan cleared Lubbers of the
accusations, saying they were not substantial enough legally. [71] The internal UN-OIOS report on
Lubbers was leaked, and sections accompanied by an article by Kate Holt were published in a British
newspaper. In February 2005, Lubbers resigned as head of the UN refugee agency, saying that he
wanted to relieve political pressure on Annan. [72]
Oil-for-Food scandal[ edit ]
In December 2004, reports surfaced that the Secretary-General's son Kojo Annan received payments
from the Swiss company Cotecna Inspection SA, which had won a lucrative contract under the UN Oil-
for-Food Programme . Kofi Annan called for an investigation to look into the allegations. [73] On 11
November 2005, The Sunday Times agreed to apologise and pay a substantial sum in damages to Kojo
Annan, accepting that the allegations were untrue. [74]
Annan appointed the Independent Inquiry Committee, [75] which was led by former US Federal
Reserve Chairman Paul Volcker , [76] then the director of the United Nations Association of the US . In his first
interview with the Inquiry Committee, Annan denied having had a meeting with Cotecna. Later in the
inquiry, he recalled that he had met with Cotecna's chief executive Elie-Georges Massey twice. In a
final report issued on 27 October, the committee found insufficient evidence to indict Kofi Annan on any
illegal actions, but did find fault with Benon Sevan , an Armenian-Cypriot national who had worked for the
UN for about 40 years. Appointed by Annan to the Oil-For-Food role, Sevan repeatedly asked Iraqis for
allocations of oil to the African Middle East Petroleum Company. Sevan's behavior was "ethically
improper", Volcker said to reporters. Sevan repeatedly denied the charges and argued that he was
being made a " scapegoat ". [77] The Volcker report was highly critical of the UN management structure and
the Security Council oversight. It strongly recommended a new position be established of Chief
Operating Officer (COO), to handle the fiscal and administrative responsibilities then under the
Secretary-General's office. The report listed the companies, both Western and Middle Eastern, which
had benefited illegally from the program. [76]
Nobel Peace Prize[ edit ]
See also: List of honours and awards received by Kofi Annan
In 2001, its centennial year, the Nobel Committee decided that the Peace Prize was to be divided
between the UN and Annan. They were awarded the Peace Prize "for their work for a better organized
and more peaceful world," [2] having revitalized the UN and for having given priority to human rights.
The Nobel Committee also recognized his commitment to the struggle to containing the spread of HIV
in Africa and his declared opposition to international terrorism. [78]
Relations between the United States and the United Nations[ edit ]
Annan with US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice in 2006
Annan defended his deputy Secretary-General Mark Malloch Brown , [79] who openly criticized the United
States in a speech on 6 June 2006: "[T]he prevailing practice of seeking to use the UN almost by
stealth as a diplomatic tool while failing to stand up for it against its domestic critics is simply not
sustainable. You will lose the UN one way or another. [...] [That] the US is constructively engaged with
the UN [...] is not well known or understood, in part because much of the public discourse that reaches
the US heartland has been largely abandoned to its loudest detractors such as Rush Limbaugh and Fox
News ." [80] Malloch later said his talk was a "sincere and constructive critique of U.S. policy toward the
U.N. by a friend and admirer." [81]
The talk was unusual because it violated unofficial policy of not having top officials publicly criticize
member nations. [81] The interim U.S. ambassador John R. Bolton , appointed by President George W.
Bush , was reported to have told Annan on the phone: "I've known you since 1989 and I'm telling you this
is the worst mistake by a senior UN official that I have seen in that entire time." [81] Observers from other
nations supported Malloch's view that conservative politicians in the U.S. prevented many citizens from
understanding the benefits of U.S. involvement in the UN. [82]
Farewell addresses[ edit ]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Secretary-General Kofi Annan's address at the Truman Presidential Museum &
Library on 11 December 2006
External video
Farewell Address by Kori Annan, December 11, 2006 , C-SPAN
On 19 September 2006, Annan gave a farewell address to world leaders gathered at the UN
headquarters in New York, in anticipation of his retirement on 31 December. In the speech he outlined
three major problems of "an unjust world economy, world disorder, and widespread contempt for human
rights and the rule of law", which he believed "have not resolved, but sharpened" during his time as
Secretary-General. He also pointed to violence in Africa, and the Arab–Israeli conflict as two major
issues warranting attention. [83]
On 11 December 2006, in his final speech as Secretary-General, delivered at the Harry S. Truman
Presidential Library in Independence , Missouri, Annan recalled Truman's leadership in the founding of the
United Nations. He called for the United States to return to President Truman's multilateralist foreign
policies, and to follow Truman's credo that "the responsibility of the great states is to serve and not
dominate the peoples of the world". He also said that the United States must maintain its commitment
to human rights, "including in the struggle against terrorism." [84][85]
Online access to Kofi Annan's archives[ edit ]
The United Nations Archives and Records Management Section (UNARMS) provides full text access to
Kofi Annan's declassified archives while he served as Secretary-General of the United Nations (1997-
2006) Search Kofi Annan's Archives
Post-UN career[ edit ]
After his service as UN Secretary-General, Annan took up residence in Geneva and worked in a leading
capacity on various international humanitarian endeavors. [86]
Kofi Annan Foundation[ edit ]
Main article: Kofi Annan Foundation
In 2007, Annan established the Kofi Annan Foundation , an independent, not-for-profit organization that
works to promote better global governance and strengthen the capacities of people and countries to
achieve a fairer, more peaceful world. [87]
The organisation was founded on the principles that fair and peaceful societies rest on three pillars:
Peace and Security, Sustainable Development, and Human Rights and the Rule of Law, and they have
made it their mission to mobilise the leadership and the political resolve needed to tackle threats to
these three pillars ranging from violent conflict to flawed elections and climate change, with the aim of
achieving a fairer, more peaceful world. [88]
The Foundation provides the analytical, communication and co-ordination capacities needed to ensure
that these objectives are achieved. Annan's contribution to peace worldwide is delivered through
mediation, political mentoring, advocacy and advice. Through his engagement, Annan aimed to
strengthen local and international conflict resolution capabilities. The Foundation provides the analytical
and logistical support to facilitate this in co-operation with relevant local, regional and international
actors. [89] The Foundation works mainly through private diplomacy , where Annan provided informal
counsel and participated in discreet diplomatic initiatives to avert or resolve crises by applying his
experience and inspirational leadership. He was often asked to intercede in crises, sometimes as an
impartial independent mediator, sometimes as a special envoy of the international community. In recent
years he had provided such counsel to Burkina Faso, Kenya, Myanmar, Senegal, Iraq and
Colombia. [90]
Kenya National Dialogue and Reconciliation Process (KNDR)[ edit ]
Following the outbreak of violence during the 2007 Presidential elections in Kenya, the African Union
established a Panel of Eminent African Personalities to assist in finding a peaceful solution to the
crisis. [91]
The panel, headed by Annan, managed to convince the two principal parties to the conflict,
President Mwai Kibaki 's Party of National Unity (PNU) and Raila Odinga 's Orange Democratic Movement
(ODM), to participate in the Kenya National Dialogue and Reconciliation Process (KNDR). [91] Over the
course of 41 days of negotiations, several agreements regarding taking actions to stop the violence and
remedying its consequences were signed. On 28 February, President Mwai Kibaki and Raila
Odinga signed a coalition government agreement. [92][93]
Joint Special Envoy for Syria[ edit ]
Main article: Kofi Annan peace plan for Syria
Annan meeting with former Iranian President, Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani
On 23 February 2012, Annan was appointed as the UN-Arab League envoy to Syria , in an attempt to
end the civil war taking place. [6] He developed a six-point plan for peace: [94]
1. commit to work with the Envoy in an inclusive Syrian-led political process to address the legitimate
aspirations and concerns of the Syrian people, and, to this end, commit to appoint an empowered
interlocutor when invited to do so by the Envoy;
2. commit to stop the fighting and achieve urgently an effective United Nations supervised cessation of
armed violence in all its forms by all parties to protect civilians and stabilise the country.
To this end, the Syrian government should immediately cease troop movements towards, and end the
use of heavy weapons in, population centres, and begin pullback of military concentrations in and
around population centres.
As these actions are being taken on the ground, the Syrian government should work with the Envoy to
bring about a sustained cessation of armed violence in all its forms by all parties with an effective
United Nations supervision mechanism.
Similar commitments would be sought by the Envoy from the opposition and all relevant elements to
stop the fighting and work with him to bring about a sustained cessation of armed violence in all its
forms by all parties with an effective United Nations supervision mechanism;
3. ensure timely provision of humanitarian assistance to all areas affected by the fighting, and to this
end, as immediate steps, to accept and implement a daily two-hour humanitarian pause and to co-
ordinate exact time and modalities of the daily pause through an efficient mechanism, including at local
level;
4. intensify the pace and scale of release of arbitrarily detained persons, including especially vulnerable
categories of persons, and persons involved in peaceful political activities, provide without delay
through appropriate channels a list of all places in which such persons are being detained, immediately
begin organizing access to such locations and through appropriate channels respond promptly to all
written requests for information, access or release regarding such persons;
5. ensure freedom of movement throughout the country for journalists and a non-discriminatory visa
policy for them;
6. respect freedom of association and the right to demonstrate peacefully as legally guaranteed.
On 2 August, he resigned as UN and Arab League joint special envoy to Syria, [95] citing the
intransigence of both the Assad government and the rebels , as well as the stalemate on the Security
Council as preventing any peaceful resolution of the situation. [96] Annan also stated that the lack of
international unity and ineffective diplomacy among the world leaders had made the peaceful resolution
in Syria an impossible task. [97]
Global Commission on Elections, Democracy and Security[ edit ]
Annan served as the Chair of the Global Commission on Elections, Democracy and Security . The
Commission was launched in May 2011 as a joint initiative of the Kofi Annan Foundation and
the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance . It comprised 12 eminent individuals from
around the world, including Ernesto Zedillo , Martti Ahtisaari , Madeleine Albright and Amartya Sen , and
aimed to highlight the importance of the integrity of elections to achieving a more secure, prosperous
and stable world. The Commission released its final report: Democracy, a Strategy to Improve the
Integrity of Elections Worldwide , in September 2012.
Rakhine Commission (Myanmar)[ edit ]
In September 2016, Annan was asked to lead the Advisory Commission on Rakhine
State (in Myanmar ) [98][99][100][101] – an impoverished region beset by ethnic conflict and extreme
sectarian violence, particularly by Myanmar's Buddhist majority against the Rohingya Muslim minority ,
further targeted by government forces. [102][103][104][105] The commission, widely known simply as the
"Annan Commission", was opposed by many Myanmar Buddhists as unwelcome interference in their
relations with the Rohingya. [98]
When the Annan commission released its final report, [100] the week of 24 August 2017, with
recommendations unpopular with all sides, violence exploded in the Rohingya conflict – the largest and
bloodiest humanitarian disaster in the region in decades – driving most of the Rohingya from
Myanmar. [105][104][106] Annan attempted to engage the United Nations to resolve the matter, [107] but
failed.
Annan died a week before the first anniversary of the report, shortly after an announcement by a
replacement commission that it would not "point fingers" at the guilty parties – leading to widespread
concern that the new commission was just a sham to protect culpable Myanmar government officials
and citizens from accountability. [101][108][106][109]
In 2018, before Annan's death, Myanmar's civilian government, under the direction of State
Councilor Aung San Suu Kyi , made a gesture of acceptance of the Annan commission's
recommendations by convening another board – the Advisory Board for the Committee for Implementation
of the Recommendations on Rakhine State – ostensibly to implement the Annan commission's proposed
reforms, but never actually implemented them. Some of the international representatives resigned –
Mongolia in 1924, where they were captured by Chinese troops and returned to Japan. The following
year, he had a profound spiritual experience, stating that, "a golden spirit sprang up from the ground,
veiled my body, and changed my body into a golden one." After this experience, his martial arts skill
appeared to be greatly increased.
Ueshiba moved to Tokyo in 1926, where he set up the Aikikai Hombu Dojo . By now he was
comparatively famous in martial arts circles, and taught at this dojo and others around Japan, including
in several military academies. In the aftermath of World War II the Hombu dojo was temporarily closed,
but Ueshiba had by this point left Tokyo and retired to Iwama , and he continued training at the dojo he
had set up there. From the end of the war until the 1960s, he worked to promote aikido throughout
Japan and abroad. He died from liver cancer in 1969.
After Ueshiba's death, aikido continued to be promulgated by his students (many of whom became
noted martial artists in their own right). It is now practiced around the world.
Tanabe, 1883–1912[ edit ]
Morihei Ueshiba was born in Nishinotani village (now part of the city of Tanabe ), Wakayama Prefecture ,
Japan, on December 14, 1883, the fourth child (and only son) born to Yoroku Ueshiba and his wife
Yuki. [1] :3 [2] :49
The young Ueshiba was raised in a somewhat privileged setting. His father Yoroku was a
wealthy gentleman farmer and minor politician, being an elected member of the Nishinotani village
council for 22 consecutive years. His mother Yuki was from the Itokawa clan, a prominent local family
who could trace their lineage back to the Heian period . [2] :52–53 Ueshiba was a rather weak, sickly child
and bookish in his inclinations. At a young age his father encouraged him to take up sumo wrestling and
swimming and entertained him with stories of his great-grandfather Kichiemon, who was considered a
very strong samurai in his era. The need for such strength was further emphasized when the young
Ueshiba witnessed his father being attacked by followers of a competing politician. [3] :3
A major influence on Ueshiba's early education was his elementary schoolteacher Tasaburo Nasu, who
was a Shinto priest and who introduced Ueshiba to the religion. [2] :59 At the age of six Ueshiba was sent
to study at the Jizōderu Temple, but had little interest in the rote learning of Confucian education.
However, his schoolmaster Mitsujo Fujimoto was also a priest of Shingon Buddhism , and taught the
young Ueshiba some of the esoteric chants and ritual observances of the sect, which Ueshiba found
intriguing. His interest in Buddhism was sufficiently great that his mother considered enrolling him in the
priesthood, but his father Yoroku vetoed the idea. [2] :57 Ueshiba went to Tanabe Higher Elementary
School and then to Tanabe Prefectural Middle School, but left formal education in his early teens,
enrolling instead at a private abacus academy, the Yoshida Institute, to study accountancy. [2] :61 On
graduating from the academy, he worked at a local tax office for a few months, but the job did not suit
him and in 1901 he left for Tokyo, funded by his father. Ueshiba Trading, the stationery business which
he opened there, was short-lived; unhappy with life in the capital, he returned to Tanabe less than a
year later after suffering a bout of beri-beri . Shortly thereafter he married his childhood acquaintance
Hatsu Itokawa. [4][5]
In 1903, Ueshiba was called up for military service. He failed the initial physical examination, being
shorter than the regulation 5 feet 2 inches (1.57 m). To overcome this, he stretched his spine by
attaching heavy weights to his legs and suspending himself from tree branches; when he re-took the
physical exam he had increased his height by the necessary half-inch to pass. [4] He was assigned to
the Osaka Fourth Division, 37th Regiment, and was promoted to corporal of the 61st Wakayama
regiment by the following year; after serving on the front lines during the Russo-Japanese War he was
promoted to sergeant. [2] :70 He was discharged in 1907, and again returned to his father's farm in
Tanabe. [5] Here he befriended the writer and philosopher Minakata Kumagusu , becoming involved with
Minakata's opposition to the Meiji government 's Shrine Consolidation Policy . [4] He and his wife had their
first child, a daughter named Matsuko, in 1911. [6] :3
Ueshiba studied several martial arts during his early life, and was renowned for his physical strength
during his youth. [7] During his sojourn in Tokyo he studied Kitō-ryū jujutsu under Takisaburo Tobari, and
briefly enrolled in a school teaching Shinkage-ryū . [2] :64–65 His training in Gotō-ha Yagyū-ryu under
Masakatsu Nakai was sporadic due to his military service, although he was granted a diploma in the art
within a few years. [4] In 1901 he received some instruction from Tozawa Tokusaburōin in Tenjin Shin'yō-
ryū jujutsu and he studied judo with Kiyoichi Takagi in Tanabe in 1911, after his father had a dojo built on
the family compound to encourage his son's training. [5] In 1907, after his return from the war, he was
also presented with a certificate of enlightenment (shingon inkyo) by his childhood teacher Mitsujo
Fujimoto. [2] :66
Hokkaidō, 1912–1920[ edit ]
In the early part of the 20th century, the prefectural government of Hokkaidō , Japan's northernmost
island, were offering various grants and incentives for mainland Japanese groups willing to relocate
there. At the time, Hokkaidō was still largely unsettled by the Japanese, being occupied primarily by the
indigenous Ainu . In 1910, Ueshiba travelled to Hokkaidō in the company of his acquaintance
Denzaburo Kurahashi, who had lived on the northern island before. His intent was to scout out a
propitious location for a new settlement, and he found the site at Shirataki suitable for his plans. Despite
the hardships he suffered on this journey (which included getting lost in snowstorms several times and
an incident in which he nearly drowned in a freezing river), Ueshiba returned to Tanabe filled with
enthusiasm for the project, and began recruiting families to join him. He became the leader of the Kishū
Settlement Group, a collective of eighty-five pioneers who intended to settle in the Shirataki district and
live as farmers; the group founded the village of Yubetsu (later Shirataki village) in August,
1912. [2] :83–87 Much of the funding for this project came from Ueshiba's father and his brothers-in-law
Zenzo and Koshiro Inoue. Zenzo's son Noriaki was also a member of the settlement group. [8]
Poor soil conditions and bad weather led to crop failures during the first three years of the project, but
the group still managed to cultivate mint and farm livestock. The burgeoning timber industry provided a
boost to the settlement's economy, and by 1918 there were over 500 families residing there. [2] :101 A fire
in 1917 razed the entire village, leading to the departure of around twenty families. Ueshiba was
attending a meeting over railway construction around 50 miles away, but on learning of the fire travelled
back the entire distance on foot. He was elected to the village council that year, and took a prominent
role in leading the reconstruction efforts. [2] :101–103 In the summer of 1918, Hatsu gave birth to their first
son, Takemori. [4][5]
The young Ueshiba met Takeda Sōkaku , the founder of Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu , at the Hisada Inn in Engaru ,
in March 1915. Ueshiba was deeply impressed with Takeda's martial art, and despite being on an
important mission for his village at the time, abandoned his journey to spend the next month studying
with Takeda. [2] :94 He requested formal instruction and began studying Takeda's style of jūjutsu in
earnest, going so far as to construct a dojo at his home and inviting his new teacher to be a permanent
house guest. [9] :22 [10] He received a kyōju dairi certificate, a teaching license, for the system from
Takeda in 1922, when Takeda visited him in Ayabe . [9] :36 Takeda also gave him a Yagyū Shinkage-
ryū sword transmission scroll. [11] Ueshiba then became a representative of Daitō-ryū, toured with
Takeda as a teaching assistant and taught the system to others. [12][13] The relationship between
Ueshiba and Takeda was a complicated one. Ueshiba was an extremely dedicated student, dutifully
attending to his teacher's needs and displaying great respect. However, Takeda overshadowed him
throughout his early martial arts career, and Ueshiba's own students recorded the need to address what
they referred to as "the Takeda problem". [12][14] :137–139 [15]
Ayabe, 1920–1927[ edit ]
In November 1919, Ueshiba learned that his father Yoroku was ill, and was not expected to survive.
Leaving most of his possessions to Takeda, Ueshiba left Shirataki with the apparent intention of
returning to Tanabe to visit his ailing parent. En route he made a detour to Ayabe , near Kyoto , intending
to visit Onisaburo Deguchi , the spiritual leader of the Ōmoto-kyō religion (Ueshiba's nephew Noriaki Inoue
had already joined the religion and may have recommended it to his uncle). [8] Ueshiba stayed at the
Ōmoto-kyō headquarters for several days, and met with Deguchi, who told him that, "There is nothing to
worry about with your father". [2] :113 On his return to Tanabe, Ueshiba found that Yoroku had died.
Criticised by family and friends for arriving too late to see his father, Ueshiba went into the mountains
with a sword and practised solo sword exercises for several days; this almost led to his arrest when the
police were informed of a sword-wielding madman on the loose. [2] :116
Within a few months, Ueshiba was back in Ayabe, having decided to become a full-time student of
Ōmoto-kyō. In 1920 he moved his entire family, including his mother, to the Ōmoto compound; at the
same time he also purchased enough rice to feed himself and his family for several years. [2] :117 That
same year, Deguchi asked Ueshiba to become the group's martial arts instructor, and a dojo—the first
of several that Ueshiba was to lead—was constructed on the centre's grounds. Ueshiba also taught
Takeda's Daitō-ryū in neighbouring Hyōgo Prefecture during this period. [16] His second son, Kuniharu,
was born in 1920 in Ayabe, but died from illness the same year, along with three-year-old
Takemori. [9] :32–34
Takeda visited Ueshiba in Ayabe to provide instruction, although he was not a follower of Ōmoto and
did not get along with Deguchi, which led to a cooling of the relationship between him and
Ueshiba. [15] Ueshiba continued to teach his martial art under the name "Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu", at the
behest of his teacher. [17] However, Deguchi encouraged Ueshiba to create his own style of martial arts,
"Ueshiba-ryū", and sent many Ōmoto followers to study at the dojo. He also brought Ueshiba into the
highest levels of the group's bureaucracy, making Ueshiba his executive assistant and putting him in
charge of the Showa Seinenkai (Ōmoto-kyō's national youth organisation) and the Ōmoto Shobotai,
a volunteer fire service . [2] :118, 128, 137
His close relationship with Deguchi introduced Ueshiba to various members of Japan's far-right;
members of the ultranationalist group the Sakurakai would hold meetings at Ueshiba's dojo, and he
developed a friendship with the philosopher Shūmei Ōkawa during this period, as well as meeting
with Nisshō Inoue and Kozaburō Tachibana . Deguchi also offered Ueshiba's services as a bodyguard
to Kingoro Hashimoto , the Sakurakai's founder. [14] :142–149 [18] Ueshiba's commitment to the goal of world
peace , stressed by many biographers, must be viewed in the light of these relationships and his Ōmoto-
kyō beliefs. His association with the extreme right-wing is understandable when one considers that
Ōmoto-kyō's view of world peace was of a benevolent dictatorship by the Emperor of Japan , with other
nations being subjugated under Japanese rule. [19] :638–639
In 1921, in an event known as the First Ōmoto-kyō Incident (大本事件, Ōmoto jiken), the Japanese
authorities raided the compound, destroying the main buildings on the site and arresting Deguchi on
charges of lèse-majesté . [20] Ueshiba's dojo was undamaged and over the following two years he worked
closely with Deguchi to reconstruct the group's centre, becoming heavily involved in farming work and
serving as the group's "Caretaker of Forms", a role which placed him in charge of overseeing Ōmoto's
move towards self-sufficiency. [2] :154 His son Kisshomaru was born in the summer of 1921. [5][9] :32–34
Three years later, in 1924, Deguchi led a small group of Ōmoto-kyō disciples, including Ueshiba, on a
journey to Mongolia at the invitation of retired naval captain Yutaro Yano and his associates within the
ultra-nationalist Black Dragon Society . Deguchi's intent was to establish a new religious kingdom in
Mongolia, and to this end he had distributed propaganda suggesting that he was the reincarnation
of Genghis Khan . [21] Allied with the Mongolian bandit Lu Zhankui , Deguchi's group were arrested
in Tongliao by the Chinese authorities—fortunately for Ueshiba, whilst Lu and his men were executed by
firing squad, the Japanese group were released into the custody of the Japanese consul. They were
returned under guard to Japan, where Deguchi was imprisoned for breaking the terms of his
bail. [9] :37–45 During this expedition Ueshiba was given the Chinese alias Wang Shou-gao, rendered in
Japanese as "Moritaka" – he was reportedly very taken with this name and continued to use it
intermittently for the rest of his life. [2] :163
After returning to Ayabe, Ueshiba began a regimen of spiritual training, regularly retreating to the
mountains or performing misogi in the Nachi Falls . As his prowess as a martial artist increased, his fame
began to spread. He was challenged by many established martial artists, some of whom later became
his students after being defeated by him. In the autumn of 1925 he was asked to give a demonstration
of his art in Tokyo, at the behest of Admiral Isamu Takeshita ; one of the spectators was Yamamoto
Gonnohyōe , who requested that Ueshiba stay in the capital to instruct the Imperial Guard in his martial
art. After a couple of weeks, however, Ueshiba took issue with several government officials who voiced
concerns about his connections to Deguchi; he cancelled the training and returned to Ayabe. [9] :45–49
Tokyo, 1927–1942[ edit ]
In 1926 Takeshita invited Ueshiba to visit Tokyo again. Ueshiba relented and returned to the capital, but
while residing there was stricken with a serious illness. Deguchi visited his ailing student and,
concerned for his health, commanded Ueshiba to return to Ayabe. The appeal of returning increased
after Ueshiba was questioned by the police following his meeting with Deguchi; the authorities were
keeping the Ōmoto-kyō leader under close surveillance. Angered at the treatment he had received,
Ueshiba went back to Ayabe again. Six months later, this time with Deguchi's blessing, he and his
family moved permanently to Tokyo. This move allowed Ueshiba to teach politicians, high-ranking
military personnel, and members of the Imperial household ; suddenly he was no longer an obscure
provincial martial artist, but a sensei to some of Japan's most important citizens. [19] :134 Arriving in
October 1927, the Ueshiba family set up home in the Shirokane district. The building proved too small to
house the growing number of aikido students, and so the Ueshibas moved to larger premises, first
in Mita district , then in Takanawa , and finally to a purpose-built hall in Shinjuku . This last location,
originally named the Kobukan (皇武館), would eventually become the Aikikai Hombu Dojo . During its
construction, Ueshiba rented a property nearby, where he was visited by Kanō Jigorō , the founder
of judo . [9] :50–53
During this period, Ueshiba was invited to teach at a number of military institutes, due to his close
personal relationships with key figures in the military (among them Sadao Araki , the Japanese Minister of
War[19] :639). He accepted an invitation from Admiral Sankichi Takahashi to be the martial arts instructor at
the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy , [2] :201 and also taught at the Nakano Spy School , although aikido was
later judged to be too technical for the students there and karate was adopted instead. [14] :154–155 He
also became a visiting instructor at the Imperial Japanese Army Academy after being challenged by (and
defeating) General Makoto Miura, another student of Takeda Sōkaku's Daitō-
ryū. [2] :207–208 [19] :639 Takeda himself met Ueshiba for the last time around 1935, while Ueshiba was
teaching at the Osaka headquarters of the Asahi Shimbun newspaper. Frustrated by the appearance of
his teacher, who was openly critical of Ueshiba's martial arts and who appeared intent on taking over
the classes there, Ueshiba left Osaka during the night, bowing to the residence in which Takeda was
staying and thereafter avoiding all contact with him. [14] :139 [19] :135 Between 1940 and 1942 he made
several visits to Manchukuo (Japanese occupied Manchuria) where he was the principal martial arts
instructor at Kenkoku University . [9] :63 Whilst in Manchuria, he met and defeated the sumo
wrestler Tenryū Saburō during a demonstration. [22]
The "Second Ōmoto Incident" in 1935 saw another government crackdown on Deguchi's sect, in which
the Ayabe compound was destroyed and most of the group's leaders imprisoned. Although he had
relocated to Tokyo, Ueshiba had retained links with the Ōmoto-kyō group (he had in fact helped
Deguchi to establish a paramilitary branch of the sect only three years earlier [19] :134) and expected to
be arrested as one of its senior members. However, he had a good relationship with the local police
commissioner Kenji Tomita and the chief of police Gīchi Morita, both of whom had been his students. As a
result, although he was taken in for interrogation, he was released without charge on Morita's
authority. [2] :233–237
In 1932, Ueshiba's daughter Matsuko was married to the swordsman Kiyoshi Nakakura , who was
adopted as Ueshiba's heir under the name Morihiro Ueshiba. The marriage ended after a few years,
and Nakakura left the family in 1937. Ueshiba later designated his son Kisshomaru as the heir to his
martial art. [23][19] :134
The 1930s saw Japan's invasion of mainland Asia and increased military activity in Europe. Ueshiba
was concerned about the prospect of war, and became involved in a number of efforts to try and
forestall the conflict that would eventually become World War II . He was part of a group, along with
Shūmei Ōkawa and several wealthy Japanese backers, that tried to broker a deal with Harry Chandler to
export aviation fuel from the United States to Japan (in contravention of the oil embargo that was currently
in force ), although this effort ultimately failed. [14] :156 In 1941 Ueshiba also undertook a secret diplomatic
mission to China at the behest of Prince Fumimaro Konoe . The intended goal was a meeting with Chiang
Kai-shek to establish peace talks, but Ueshiba was unable to meet with the Chinese leader, arriving too
late to fulfil his mission. [2] :236–237
Iwama, 1942–1969[ edit ]
The Aiki Shrine in Iwama
From 1935 onwards, Ueshiba had been purchasing land in Iwama in Ibaraki Prefecture , and by the early
1940s had acquired around 17 acres (6.9 ha ; 0.027 sq mi ) of farmland there. In 1942, disenchanted with
the war-mongering and political manoeuvring in the capital, he left Tokyo and moved to Iwama
permanently, settling in a small farmer's cottage. [19] :639 Here he founded the Aiki Shuren Dojo, also
known as the Iwama dojo , and the Aiki Shrine, a devotional shrine to the "Great Spirit of
Aiki". [24][5][9] :55 During this time he travelled extensively in Japan, particularly in the Kansai region ,
teaching his aikido. Despite the prohibition on the teaching of martial arts after World War II, Ueshiba
and his students continued to practice in secret at the Iwama dojo; the Hombu dojo in Tokyo was in any
case being used as a refugee centre for citizens displaced by the severe firebombing . It was during this
period that Ueshiba met and befriended Koun Nakanishi, an expert in kotodama . The study of kotodama
was to become one of Ueshiba's passions in later life, and Nakanishi's work inspired Ueshiba's concept
of takemusu aiki . [2] :267
The rural nature of his new home in Iwama allowed Ueshiba to concentrate on the second great
passion of his life: farming. He had been born into a farming family and spent much of his life cultivating
the land, from his settlement days in Hokkaidō to his work in Ayabe trying to make the Ōmoto-kyō
compound self-sufficient. He viewed farming as a logical complement to martial arts; both were
physically demanding and required single-minded dedication. Not only did his farming activities provide
a useful cover for martial arts training under the government's restrictions, it also provided food for
Ueshiba, his students and other local families at a time when food shortages were
commonplace. [1] :18–19 [19] :135
The government prohibition (on aikido, at least) was lifted in 1948 with the creation of the Aiki
Foundation, established by the Japanese Ministry of Education with permission from the Occupation
forces. The Hombu dojo re-opened the following year. After the war Ueshiba effectively retired from
aikido. [25] He delegated most of the work of running the Hombu dojo and the Aiki Federation to his son
Kisshomaru, and instead chose to spend much of his time in prayer, meditation, calligraphy and
farming. [9] :66–69 He still travelled extensively to promote aikido, even visiting Hawaii in 1961. [4] :xix He
also appeared in a television documentary on aikido: NTV's The Master of Aikido, broadcast in January
1960. [5] Ueshiba maintained links with the Japanese nationalist movement even in later life; his
student Kanshu Sunadomari reported that Ueshiba temporarily sheltered Mikami Taku , one of the naval
officers involved in the May 15 Incident , at Iwama. [14] :159–160
In 1969, Ueshiba became ill. He led his last training session on March 10, and was taken to hospital
where he was diagnosed with cancer of the liver. He died suddenly on April 26, 1969. [9] :72 His body
was buried at Kōzan-ji , and he was given the posthumous Buddhist title "Aiki-in Moritake En'yū Daidōshi" (
合気院盛武円融大道士); parts of his hair were enshrined at Ayabe, Iwama and Kumano. [3] :13 Two
months later, his wife Hatsu (植芝 はつ Ueshiba Hatsu, née Itokawa Hatsu; 1881–1969) also
died. [2] :316–317 [6] :3
Development of aikido[ edit ]
Main article: Aikido
Aikido—usually translated as the Way of Unifying Spirit or the Way of Spiritual Harmony—is a fighting
system that focuses on throws, pins and joint locks together with some striking techniques. It
emphasises protecting the opponent and promotes spiritual and social development. [26]
The technical curriculum of aikido was derived from the teachings of Takeda Sōkaku; the basic
techniques of aikido stem from his Daitō-ryū system. [12][27] In the earlier years of his teaching, from the
1920s to the mid-1930s, Ueshiba taught the Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu system; his early students'
documents bear the term Daitō-ryū. [15] Indeed, Ueshiba trained one of the future highest grade earners
in Daitō-ryū, Takuma Hisa , in the art before Takeda took charge of Hisa's training. [28]
The early form of training under Ueshiba was noticeably different from later forms of aikido. It had a
larger curriculum, increased use of strikes to vital points ( atemi ) and a greater use of weapons. The
schools of aikido developed by Ueshiba's students from the pre-war period tend to reflect the harder
style of the early training. These students included Kenji Tomiki (who founded the Shodokan
Aikido sometimes called Tomiki-ryū), Noriaki Inoue (who founded Shin'ei Taidō), Minoru Mochizuki (who
founded Yoseikan Budo ) and Gozo Shioda (who founded Yoshinkan Aikido ). Many of these styles are
therefore considered "pre-war styles", although some of these teachers continued to train with Ueshiba
in the years after World War II. [19] :134–136
During his lifetime, Ueshiba had three spiritual experiences that impacted greatly on his understanding
of the martial arts. The first occurred in 1925, after Ueshiba had defeated a naval
officer's bokken (wooden katana ) attacks unarmed and without hurting the officer. Ueshiba then walked to
his garden, where he had the following realisation:
I felt the universe suddenly quake, and that a golden spirit sprang up from the ground,
veiled my body, and changed my body into a golden one. At the same time my body
became light. I was able to understand the whispering of the birds, and was clearly aware
of the mind of God, the creator of the universe. At that moment I was enlightened: the
source of budō [the martial way] is God's love – the spirit of loving protection for all
beings ... Budō is not the felling of an opponent by force; nor is it a tool to lead the world to
destruction with arms. True Budō is to accept the spirit of the universe, keep the peace of
the world, correctly produce, protect and cultivate all beings in nature. [29]
His second experience occurred in 1940 when engaged in the ritual purification process of misogi.
Around 2 am, I suddenly forgot all the martial techniques I had ever learned. The
techniques of my teachers appeared completely new. Now they were vehicles for the
cultivation of life, knowledge, and virtue, not devices to throw people with. [30]
His third experience was in 1942 during the worst fighting of World War II, when Ueshiba had a vision of
the "Great Spirit of Peace". [1] :18
The Way of the Warrior has been misunderstood. It is not a means to kill and destroy
others. Those who seek to compete and better one another are making a terrible mistake.
To smash, injure, or destroy is the worst thing a human being can do. The real Way of a
Warrior is to prevent such slaughter – it is the Art of Peace, the power of love. [31] :223
After these events, Ueshiba seemed to slowly grow away from Takeda, and he began to change his
art. [32] These changes are reflected in the differing names with which he referred to his system, first
as aiki-jūjutsu, then Ueshiba-ryū, Asahi-ryū, [33] and aiki budō. [31] :89 In 1942, when Ueshiba's group
joined the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai , the martial art that Ueshiba developed finally came to be known as
aikido. [16][34][35]
As Ueshiba grew older, more skilled, and more spiritual in his outlook, his art also changed and became
softer and more gentle. Martial techniques became less important, and more focus was given to the
control of ki . [36][37] In his own expression of the art there was a greater emphasis on what is referred to
as kokyū-nage, or "breath throws" which are soft and blending, utilizing the opponent's movement in
order to throw them. Ueshiba regularly practiced cold water misogi, as well as other spiritual and
religious rites, and viewed his studies of aikido as part of this spiritual training. [6] :17
Ueshiba with a group of his international students at the Hombu dojo in 1967.
Over the years, Ueshiba trained a large number of students , many of whom later became famous teachers
in their own right and developed their own styles of aikido. Some of them were uchi-deshi , live-in
students. Ueshiba placed many demands on his uchi-deshi, expecting them to attend him at all times,
act as training partners (even in the middle of the night), arrange his travel plans, massage and bathe
him, and assist with household chores. [38]
There were roughly four generations of students, comprising the pre-war students
(training c.1921–1935), students who trained during the Second World War (c.1936–1945), the post-
war students in Iwama (c.1946–1955) and the students who trained with Ueshiba during his final years
(c.1956–c.1969). [10] As a result of Ueshiba's martial development throughout his life, students from
each of these generations tend to have markedly different approaches to aikido. [38] These variations
are compounded by the fact that few students trained with Ueshiba for a protracted period; only Yoichiro
Inoue, Kenji Tomiki, Gozo Shioda, Morihiro Saito, Tsutomu Yukawa and Mitsugi Saotome studied directly
under Ueshiba for more than five or six years. [25][39] After the war, Ueshiba and the Hombu Dojo
dispatched some of their students to various other countries, resulting in aikido spreading around the
world. [40][19] :136
Honors[ edit ]
Medal of Honor (Purple Ribbon) (Japan), 1960 [2] :306
Order of the Rising Sun, Gold Rays with Rosette , 1964 [41][2] :309
Order of the Sacred Treasure (Japan), 1968 [42]
Works[ edit ]
Morihei Ueshiba, The Secret Teachings of Aikido (2008), Kodansha International, ISBN 978-4-7700-
3030-6
Morihei Ueshiba, Budo: Teachings of the Founder of Aikido (1996), Kodansha International, ISBN 978-
4-7700-2070-3
Morihei Ueshiba, The Essence of Aikido: Spiritual Teachings of Morihei Ueshiba (1998), Kodansha
International, ISBN 978-4-7700-2357-5
Morihei Ueshiba, The Art of Peace (2007), Shambhala, ISBN 978-1590304488
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morihei_Ueshiba
Setion 21:
Section 22: 20 more woman and 10 more men
Section 23
Section 24:
Section 25:
Section 26:
Section 27
Section 28:
Section 29:
Section 30:
Section 31:
Section 32
Section 33:
Section 34:
Section 35:
Section 36:
Section 37:
Section 38:
Section 39:
Section 40:
Section 41:
Section 42:
Section 43:
Section 44:
Section 45:
Section 46:
Section 47:
Section 48:
Section 49:
Section 50:
Section 51:
Chapter 6: Quotes, Poems and Prayers
“Human rights are not things that are put on the table for people to enjoy. These are things you
fight for and then you protect.”
― Wangari Maathai
“Finally I was able to see that if I had a contribution I wanted to make, I must do it, despite what
others said. That I was OK the way I was. That it was all right to be strong.”
― Wangari Maathai
“A tree has roots in the soil yet reaches to the sky. It tells us that in order to aspire we need to be
grounded and that no matter how high we go it is from our roots that we draw sustenance. It is
a reminder to all of us who have had success that we cannot forget where we came from. It
signifies that no matter how powerful we become in government or how many awards we
receive, our power and strength and our ability to reach our goals depend on the people, those
whose work remain unseen, who are the soil out of which we grow, the shoulders on which we
stand”
― Wangari Maathai
“The generation that destroys the environment is not the generation that pays the price. That
is the problem.”
― Wangari Maathai
“Today we are faced with a challenge that calls for a shift in our thinking, so that humanity
stops threatening its life-support system. We are called to assist the Earth to heal her wounds
and in the process heal our own - indeed to embrace the whole of creation in all its diversity,
beauty and wonder. Recognizing that sustainable development, democracy and peace are
indivisible is an idea whose time has come”
― Wangari Maathai
Chapter 7: Vocation
Chapter 8: The Laws and Tales of Marriage
Section 1: Dating
At an Early age we can develop feelings for each other but in youth we do not understand things
fully and patience is a virtue......
The benefits of Abstenance
Waiting until you are mature and responsible
For Sex It is best to wait until marriage but we are all flawed and some can wait and some cant
Some never find love, some love one only and some love more than one.
Monogomous principles – this is respected when there is only one person you are intimate with.
or polymorous principles are expected if one is to become intimate before marriage .
Polyamory (from Greek πολύ poly, "many, several", and Latin amor, "love") is the practice
of, or desire for, intimate relationships with more than one partner, with the informed
consent of all partners involved. It has been described as "consensual, ethical, and
responsible non-monogamy".
Please Remember before engaging in an act of Intamacy the Effects it will have when it comes time
to marry as some will not want you if you give away your body too much.
Section 2:A Comprehension of Love
Section 3: Types of Marriage
A) Monogomous
Straight Monogomous
Lesbian Monogomous
Gay Monogomous
Trans Monogomous
B) Polygamous
Straight Polygamy
Female head
Male Head
Lesbian Polygamy
Gay Polygamy
Bi Polygamy
Section 3: The Laws of Marriage
A) Monogomous
Straight Monogomous
Lesbian Monogomous
Gay Monogomous
Trans Monogomous
B) Polygamous
Straight Polygamy
Lesbian Polygamy
Gay Polygamy
Bi Polygamy
Section 4: Tales of Marriage
A) Monogomous stories
Straight Monogomous
Lesbian Monogomous
Gay Monogomous
Trans Monogomous
B) Polygamous stories
Straight Polygamy
Lesbian Polygamy
Gay Polygamy
Bi Polygamy
Section 9: Evironmental Awareness
Chapter 10: The growth and maintenance of Medicine (pioneers)
Marie Skłodowska Curie changed the world not once but twice. She founded
the new science of radioactivity – even the word was invented by her – and
her discoveries launched effective cures for cancer.
“She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, first female professor at the
University of Paris, and the first person – note the use of person there, not
woman – to win a second Nobel Prize.”
Chapter 11:The ethics and Morals of Science and Discovery
Chapter 12:The Spiritual Energy
Section 1: Mystic Rituals
Section 2: the Study of Chi
5) Trāyastriṃśa
6) Mount Olympus
7) God's Kingdom
Christleiscopes
Jeweleiscopes
Musliscopes
https://www.ancient.eu/Moses/
8) Zion
Kaleidofarians
Rastafarians
Christians
9) Valhalla
Norseiscopes
10) Tian
A LGBT Pantheon of Dieties rule this heaven
Kaleidoscopians
Kaleintists
Scientologists
Christians
Jewlelescopes
Musliscopes
11) Utopia
Polygamists and Polymorous interFaith based beliefs
Kaleidoscopians
Kaleintists
Kaleidofarians
Scientologists
Christians
Jewlelescopes
Musliscopes
12) Scientifica
Kaelintists
Scientology
13) Celestial paradise
This is a Place for the Dieties to take a break and all who come here work towards a
vacation for the dieties and help prepare them to recover from judgements and for future
judgements
14)fields of Aaru
15) Kaleidoscopia
Hermata is preparing this for Gud and Luv
Kaleidoscopians
Kaleintists
Kaleidofarians
Christiscopians
Section 2: Scriptures
https://www.ancient.eu/Moses/
Moses (c. 1400 BCE) is considered one of the most important religious leaders in world
history. He is claimed by the religions of Judaism , Christianity , Islam and Bahai as an
important prophet of God and the founder of monotheistic belief. The story of Moses is told in
the biblical books of Exodus, Leviticus, Deuteronomy, and Numbers but he continues to be
referenced throughout the Bible and is the prophet most often cited in the New Testament. In
the Quran he also plays an important role and, again, is the most often cited religious figure
who is mentioned 115 times as opposed to Muhammed who is referred to by name only four
times in the text. As in the Bible, in the Quran Moses is a figure who alternately stands for
divine or human understanding.
Moses is best known from the story in the biblical Book of Exodus and Quran as the lawgiver who
met God face-to-face on Mount Sinai to receive the Ten Commandments after leading his people,
the Hebrews, out of bondage in Egypt and to the "promised land" of Canaan . The story of the
Hebrew Exodus from Egypt is only found in the Penteteuch, the first five books of the Bible, and in
the Quran which was written later. No other ancient sources corroborate the story and no
archaeological evidence supports it. This has led many scholars to conclude that Moses was a
legendary figure and the Exodus story a cultural myth.
The Egyptian historian Manetho (3rd century BCE), however, tells the story of an Egyptian priest
named Osarsiph who led a group of lepers in rebellion against the wishes of the king who wanted
them banished. Osarsiph, Manetho claims, rejected the polytheism of Egyptian religion in favor of a
monotheistic understanding and changed his name to Moses meaning "child of..." and usually used
in conjunction with a god's name ( Ramesses would be Ra-Moses, son of Ra, for example). Osarsiph
would have attached no god's name to his own, it would seem, since he believed himself a son of a
living god who had no name human beings could - or should - utter.
Manetho's story of Osarsiph/Moses is related by the historian Flavius Josephus (c. 37-100 CE)
who cited Manetho's story at length in his own work. The Roman historian Tacitus (c. 56-117
CE) tells a similar story of a man named Moses who becomes the leader of a colony of
Egyptian lepers. This has led a number of writers and scholars (Sigmund Freud and Joseph
Campbell among them) to assert that the Moses of the Bible was not a Hebrew who was raised
in an Egyptian palace but an Egyptian priest who led a religious revolution to establish
monotheism. This theory links Moses closely with the pharaoh Akhenaten (1353-1336 BCE)
who established his own monotheistic belief in the god Aten, unlike any other god and more
powerful than all, in the fifth year of his reign. Akhenaten's monotheism may have been born
of a genuine religious impulse or could have been a reaction against the priests of the
god Amun who had grown almost as wealthy and powerful as the throne. In establishing
monotheism and banning all the old gods of Egypt, Akhenaten effectively eliminated any
threat to the crown from the priesthood. The theory advanced by Campbell and others
(following Sigmund Freud's Moses and Monotheism in this) is that Moses was a priest of
Akhenaten who led like-minded followers out of Egypt after Akhenaten's death when his
son, Tutankhamun (c. 1336-1327 BCE), restored the old gods and practices. Still other
scholars equate Moses with Akhenaten himself and see the Exodus story as a mythological
rendering of Akhenaten's honest attempt at religious reform.
Moses is mentioned by a number of classical writers all drawing on the stories known in the Bible
or by earlier writers. He could have been a mythological character who took on a life of his own as
his story was told over and over again or could have been a real person to whom magical or
supernatural events were ascribed or could have been precisely as he is depicted in the early books
of the Bible and in the Quran. Dating Moses' life and the precise date of the Exodus is difficult and
is always based on interpretations of the Book of Exodus in conjunction with other books of the
Bible and so are always speculative. It is entirely possible that the Exodus story was written by a
Hebrew scribe living in Canaan who wished to make a clear distinction between his people and the
older settlements of the Amorites in the region. The story of God's Chosen People led by his servant
Moses to a land their God had promised them would have served this purpose well.
The Bible Story of Joseph, from the Book of Genesis, is one of heroic
redemption and forgiveness. Joseph was the most loved son of his father,
Israel, given the famous robe of many colors. When Joseph reported having
dreams of his brothers, and even the stars and moon, bowing before him, their
jealousy of Joseph grew into action. The brothers sold him into slavery to a
traveling caravan of Ishmaelites who took him to Egypt and sold him to Potiphar,
the captain of Pharaoh's guard.
In Egypt, the Lord's presence with Joseph enables him to find favor with
Potiphar and the keeper of the prison. With God's help, Joseph interprets the
dreams of two prisoners, predicting that one of them will be reinstated but the
other put to death. Joseph then interprets the dreams of the Pharaoh, which
anticipate seven years of plenty followed by seven years of famine. Pharaoh
recognizes Joseph's God-given ability and prompts his promotion to the chief
administrator of Egypt.
Shortage of food in Canaan forces Jacob to send his sons to buy grains from the
Egyptians. Benjamin, Joseph's younger brother remains at home as Jacob
fears of losing him, as he did Joseph. When Joseph finally encounters his
brothers again, he deliberately conceals his identity. He accuses them of being
spies and tells them to return with Benjamin or he will not sell them grain. The
ongoing famine forces Jacob to reluctantly send his sons back to Egypt with
Benjamin, and they are unexpectedly invited to dine at Joseph's house. Joseph
then tests the character of his brothers by placing a silver cup the sack of
Benjamin and falsely accusing him of theft. When Judah offers to stay in place
of Benjamin, Joseph knows that his character has changed and reveals that he
is their brother. Joseph explains they need not feel guilty for betraying him as it
was God's plan for him to be in Egypt to preserve his family. He told them to
bring their father and his entire household into Egypt to live in the province
of Goshen because there were five more years of famine left. Joseph supplied
them Egyptian transport wagons, new garments, silver, and twenty additional
donkeys carrying provisions for the journey. Jacob is then joyously reunited with
his son Joseph.
https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/520477/jewish/The-Story-of-King-David-in-
the-Bible.htm
King David is one of the most well-known figures in Jewish history. His life was
filled with much happiness and much pain. He is known by many titles: David the
conqueror, David the pious man, David the sweet singer, David the shepherd and
David the penitent. King David was a descendant of Judah as well as Ruth, and
was promised by Gd that his children would rule Israel forever. Until this very day,
he is remembered by Jews everywhere, who still chant his Psalms in prayer, in
times of joy and sorrow.
David’s Early Life
David was born in Bethlehem, in the land of Judah, in the year 2854 (907 BCE), during the
era of the prophets. He was the youngest of seven sons, and only 10 generations removed
from Judah, one of Jacob's 12 sons. He was also a descendant of Ruth, the famous
Moabite convert. 1
A red-cheeked, bright-eyed and handsome young man, he used to tend to the sheep of his
father, Jesse. Now, the people had recently anointed Saul as the first king of Israel, but
Saul soon sinned and fell from Divine grace.
It was then that the prophet Samuel (as directed by Gd) anointed David as king of Israel.
And so his ascension to the throne began.
David and Saul
King Saul and David’s first encounter occurred when an evil spirit gripped King Saul. His
advisors suggested he bring in a skilled musician who would play for the king to ease his
mind. One of the attendants present recommended that the king bring in young David,
whom he knew to be a skilled performer. Little did Saul know that the young lad who was
playing before him was destined to be his successor. 3
At this time, King Saul was battling the Philistines, longtime enemies of Israel.
In the valley of Elah, the two armies were poised for battle, with nothing but a hill
separating them. The Philistines vastly outnumbered Saul’s army.
A Philistine giant, Goliath, appeared on the hill, and his words came roaring down like
thunder:
Why should you come out to engage in battle? I am the Philistine [champion], and you are
Saul’s servants. Choose one of your men and let him come down against me. If he
overcomes me in combat and kills me, we will become your slaves; but if I best him and kill
him, you shall be our slaves and serve us. 4
The sight of the fierce giant, six cubits and a span (about 10 feet 5 ) tall, a towering figure on
the hill, clad in armour, iron and brass from head to foot, filled the Jews with great terror.
There was not a single man in the Israelite camp who dared accept the challenge.
Day after day, for 40 days, this mighty giant appeared on the hill to repeat his challenge,
morning and evening.
Then, young David, filled with courage, approached the giant with just a staff, a slingshot
and five stones. 6 And with one shot, he slew the giant where he stood. He proceeded to
cut off his head and presented it to King Saul. The Philistines witnessing this event fled in
fear. And David was a national hero. 7 , 8
( See here for more .)
True Friendship
“A love that is not dependent on anything will never perish . . . an example of this is the
love between David and Jonathan.” 9
When David overcame Goliath in battle and was brought to King Saul’s palace to be
rewarded, he met Jonathan, the son of King Saul, for the first time. At that moment, their
love and respect for each other was first founded: “When [David] finished speaking with
Saul, Jonathan’s soul became bound up with the soul of David; Jonathan loved David as
himself.” 10
This bond between the two proved itself, even in the most difficult of times. Later on, King
Saul began to fear that David wanted his throne and sought to kill him. Despite knowing
that David posed a potential threat to his place in line to the crown, Jonathan loved David
and protected him from his father’s attempts to have him killed.
King Saul then selected David to be a warrior in his army. David’s success was so great,
the verse relates, “When the [troops] came home [and] David returned from killing the
Philistines, the women of all the towns of Israel came out . . . The women sang as they
danced, and they chanted: ‘Saul has slain his thousands; David, his tens of thousands!’” 11
King Saul started to grow envious of David’s glory and kept a watchful and jealous eye on
David. 12
King Saul vs. David
Gd continued to grant David much success in battle. King Saul started to fear that David’s
fame and power would one day help him usurp the throne. This led to a war between the
two men.
It started when David was playing the harp for the king, and a cloud of fear and anger
suddenly fell upon the king. King Saul took hold of a spear and threw it at David. By Divine
intervention, David managed to escape.
David fled south to the mountains of Judah, his home. He needed food and weapons. He
obtained these from the city of Nob. At that time Nob was a holy place, distinguished
because it housed the Tabernacle and the priests. David was taken in and cared for by
Ahimelech and his fellow priests. This provided David with the opportunity to stock up on
food and weapons. During his stay, he was seen by Doeg the Edomite, who was a servant
of King Saul.
Fearing this, David escaped to the city of Gath, and then sought refuge in one of the caves
near Adullam, in the plains of Judah. It was a secure retreat, and David’s brothers and all
his father's household came to him. His solitary abode was soon known, and he was
joined by many who were in distress, or in debt or had any other reason to be
discontented.
Doeg the Edomite related news of David’s whereabouts to the king.
King Saul embarked on a quest to hunt down and kill David. There were two times during
this hunt when King Saul was at the mercy of David, and instead of taking advantage of
the situation and killing the king, David spared his life, as he dared not to lay his hand
upon Gd’s anointed one. It was only after David spared his life for the second time that
King Saul finally retreated and let David be. 13
( See here for more .)
Death of Saul and Jonathan
King Saul was then waging a mighty war against the Philistines.
David was in Ziklag (where he had retreated in fear that King Saul would change his mind
and hunt him again) when he heard that Saul (and his son Jonathan) had died in battle.
David sincerely mourned the death of Saul and Jonathan and the defeat of Israel. 14
After the death of Saul, David saw that the time had come for him to emerge from exile
and take over the leadership of his people. He left Ziklag and proceeded to the ancient city
of Hebron, in Judah. There the people of Judah gathered and anointed him king. In the
prime of his life (he was 30 years old), David was wise in council, prompt in action, Gd-
fearing and earnest, and the people recognized him as the most suitable candidate for the
throne in those troubled times.
King David’s ascension to the throne did not go unprotested. Abner (previously a general
in King Saul’s army) felt that the crown should remain in the family of King Saul. However,
his forces were beaten swiftly, and he had no choice but to acknowledge the reality of
David being king over all of Israel.
The people swarmed to Hebron to pay homage to their beloved king and to anoint him
publicly. The occasion turned into a great national celebration that lasted for three days. In
time, he moved his capital from Hebron to Jerusalem. 15
King David maintained a standing army consisting of 12 divisions, each one representing
one tribe of Israel. Each division numbered 24,000 men. Thus, King David's army totalled
288,000 men. David knew that before there could be real peace for his people, he would
have to subdue the neighbouring enemies. He fought and subdued the Philistines,
invaded Moab, slew most of their soldiers, and imposed a heavy tribute upon the people.
Then King David marched against Hadadezer, king of Zoba in Syria, whose empire
extended from the vicinity of Damascus eastward to the borders of the Euphrates. He
vanquished his armies, subjected his people and sent the best of his horses to Jerusalem.
This unparalleled succession of victories not only established King David's power, but also
spread his name abroad. He was regarded as one of the mightiest rulers in the East. 16
( See here for more. )
King David’s Wives
While King David had numerous wives, 17 only eight are named in the book of
Samuel: Michal, Ahinoam, Abigail, Maacah, Haggit, Avital, Eglah and Bathsheba. While
not much detail is given about these women, we do know information about some of them:
Michal was the second eldest daughter of King Saul. When the king was confronted by
Goliath, he promised that the warrior to defeat this giant would be wed to one of his
daughters. David came and slew the giant. King Saul proposed that David marry his eldest
daughter, Merav. However, at that time, Merav had already already been given in marriage
to another. 18 King Saul then discovered that his daughter, Michal, wished to marry David.
The king requested from David as a wedding dowry to marry Michal, one hundred
foreskins from his enemies, the Philistines. King Saul had hoped that David would fall in
battle (as he grew fearful of David as explained earlier), but David succeeded and took
Michal as his wife. 19
Abigail is described as a wise and beautiful women. It happened that when David and his
men were fleeing from King Saul, he went to a wealthy man named Nabal to replenish his
supply of food and weaponry. David expected Nabal to act generously towards him, as he
had protected and did not take advantage of his shepherds who were him throughout his
travels. However, Nabal, a fool and a drunk, refused and even mocked David. When his
refusal was reported back to David, he made ready for war against Nabal. Abigail, the wife
of Nabal, heard about this great commotion and quickly diffused the situation by running
ahead and greeting David with plenty of food and gifts. Ten days later, Gd struck Nabal
and he died. Upon hearing of Nabal’s death, David sought to take Abigail as his wife and
proposed to her. 20
King David and Bathsheba
It happened sometime after David was proclaimed king that he was taking a stroll on the
rooftops, and he beheld the beauty of a woman named Bathsheba. David inquired about
the woman and was informed that she was married to a soldier named Uriah. Now David’s
passion for Bathsheba was strong, and he wished to marry her. He sent Uriah to the front
lines of battle, knowing full well that he was giving him a death sentence. When news of
Uriah’s death reached David, he took Bathsheba as his wife.
Gd was displeased with David’s actions and sent the prophet Nathan to rebuke the king.
Knowing that he sinned, David sat in penance until Gd forgave him.
This story raises many questions that are beyond the scope of this article, but a couple of
points need to be addressed in order to bring some clarity to the story. 21
According to the Talmud, the reason King David sought to marry Bathsheba and was
willing to go to great lengths to do so was because he saw by Divine inspiration that he
was destined to marry her and bear the next king of Israel. 22 Furthermore, before sending
Uriah off to battle, he had a quick discussion with him regarding the war; in the midst of
which King David gave Uriah a command to go home, a command that Uriah did not obey.
He told the king, “The ark and Israel and Judah are located at Sukkot, and my
master Joab and Your Majesty’s men are camped in the open; how can I go home?” 23
Referring to Joab (David’s general) as “my master” in front of the king was tantamount to
treason, and Uriah deserved the death penalty for his rebellion. 24 However, King David
sentenced him to death under the guise of sending him to war so people should not say,
“King David had Uriah killed so that he could take his wife.” 25
Justified though his actions may be, they were still displeasing to Gd. Nathan the
prophet informed the king that the first child he would have with Bathsheba would die as a
consequence of his actions. 26 Shortly after this, Bathsheba gave birth to a boy who fell
critically ill. David fasted and prayed in the hope of rescinding Gd’s decree, but alas, on the
seventh day, the baby passed away. David accepted this as part of his penance, got up
from fasting and prostrated before Gd. 27 , 28
David and Bathsheba then gave birth to a son they called Solomon, "the peaceful," but
whom Nathan the prophet, blessing him in the name of Gd, called Jedidiah, "the beloved
of Gd." Solomon was destined to rule over Israel.
David’s Other Sons
David had a number of sons, three of whom—Absalom, Adoniah, and Solomon—became
prominent in the history of Israel.
Absalom was a handsome, ambitious and charismatic prince. He believed that he was
destined to be king and feared that his elderly father would pass the crown on to young
Solomon (as King David was Divinely inspired to). And so he rallied some of the greatest
warriors and advisers and led a revolt against his father.
News of the revolt broke David’s heart and, instead of confronting his son in an all-out war,
he fled on foot with some of his loyal servants. Absalom was determined to chase down
his father, and a bloody battle ensued. Realizing that his father had the upper hand,
Absalom fled in terror and dismay. As he was riding through the woods on his swift mule,
his long locks of his hair got caught in the spreading branches of a large tree. Unable to
extricate himself, he remained suspended, for his mule had escaped. One of David's
servants brought this intelligence to Joab (King David’s general), who gave the order that
Absalom be put to death.
Even though Absalom had caused great troubles for his father, King David nonetheless
grieved and mourned for the death of his son.
Unfortunately, Absalom was not the only son to seek the throne. Adoniah also had grand
plans to obtain the crown, but King David put an immediate halt to any other usurpers by
having Solomon anointed and pronounced King of Israel. 29
( See here for more. )
David Lives Forever
At the age of 70, King David passed away. It is said that before his death he asked Gd to
reveal exactly when he would leave this world. 30 Gd, not wishing to divulge this
information, merely informed him on which day of the week he was die: Shabbat. David
made sure to be constantly studying Torah throughout every Shabbat so that the Angel of
Death (Satan) would not be able to take his soul. When David’s time on earth came to an
end, the Angel of Death distracted the king from his learning by shaking the trees in his
garden. The king climbed the stairs to see what the commotion was, but one of the steps
broke underneath his feet. Startled, the king paused from his studies, and it was that
moment that the king passed away.
https://www.ancient.eu/solomon/
According to biblical tradition (and some say myth), King Solomon was the third and last
king in the ancient United Kingdom of Israel . Other faiths, such as Islam and Rastafarianism,
also embrace the notion of Solomon as a sagacious king and powerful prophet of Israel. He
was renowned for his wisdom, his prolific writings, and his building accomplishments. Born
around 1010 BCE, Solomon was the tenth son of King David (the second king of ancient
united Israel) and the second son of Bathsheba. Like King Saul and King David, King
Solomon reigned for 40 years in one of the highest and most prosperous periods in Israel’s
history - called by many, “The Golden Age” of Israel.
During his reign, Solomon controlled the trade routes coming out of Edom, Arabia , India , Africa ,
and Judea; he constructed an elaborate and profitable web of alliances (cemented by an enormous
assemblage of hundreds of wives and concubines), and he purportedly built the first Temple of God
in Jerusalem , which was destroyed (along with the entire city of Jerusalem) by the Babylonians in
586 BCE. Despite initial sovereign successes, the end of Solomon’s rule was marked by several
insurrections and attacks from both foreign and domestic enemies, as well as a disintegration of
national and religious integrity because of cultural appeasements within Israel, which compromised
and weakened the social fabric of the United Kingdom. He died in 931 BCE at age 80, possibly the
most prosperous and productive king ever to rule over Israel.
The Traditional Story of King Solomon
The story of King Solomon begins with his father, King David, and his mother, Bathsheba. In the
Hebrew scriptures, 2 Samuel 3 states that King David, anointed by the Prophet Samuel before King
Saul’s demise to be his replacement, officially became King of Judea (1010 BCE). Later, 2 Samuel
5 states that (in 1002 BCE) all the elders of Israel approached him to be their ruler, and “The king
made a covenant with them at Hebron before the Lord, and they anointed David king over Israel.”
King David’s reign lasted 40 years, and like King Saul, it started off better than it ended.
David’s initial zeal for God and for ethical integrity paved the way for his early fame and
fortune, although being a man of warfare and blood (according to the scriptures), God
decided that David was not suitable to be the one to build God’s Temple (that would be placed
in the hands of his son, Solomon). Moreover, David’s illicit affair and subsequent devious
actions (leading to the assassination of Uriah the Hittite and its cover-up) complicated the rest
of David’s reign - along with the rape of Tamar, the murder of Ammon , and the attempted
coup of Absalom, among other controversies.
By the end of David’s life, he had lost touch with Israelite society and eventually lost political
control of it, as well. This led to an attempted coup by his son, Adonijah (whose mother was
Haggith, David’s fifth wife), who proclaimed himself to be king with the assistance of General Joab
and Abiathar the Priest; however, the majority of Israel's institutional agents did not support
Adonijah’s claim. The Hebrew scriptures state that the Prophet Nathan went first to Bathsheba to
alert her to Adonijah’s usurpation of the throne, who then went to her husband, King David, to
break the troubling news to him. Eventually, the Prophet Nathan joined the two, and King David
officially made Solomon his heir apparent. David said, “Assuredly Solomon your son shall be king
after me, and he shall sit on my throne in my place” (1 Kings 1).
Solomon Becomes King
King David died from natural causes in 961 BCE, was buried in Jerusalem, and, as suggested in the
Hebrew and Greek scriptures, facilitated the establishment of the eternal kingdom of God through
his piety and lineage. Before his death , David gave his final admonition to his son, Solomon,
saying, “Keep the charge of the Lord your God: to walk in his ways, to keep his statutes, his
commandments, his judgments, and his testimonies, as it is written in the Law of Moses , that you
may prosper in all that you do and wherever you turn. . . for you are a wise man” (1 Kings 2).
Map of the Levant circa 830 BCE
by Richardprins (GNU FDL)
The threat of civil war and Adonijah’s immediate execution as a traitor was averted for a time;
however, Adonijah attempted to possess King David’s former asexual concubine, Abishag the
Shunammite, behind King Solomon’s back. This enraged Solomon most likely because of
Adonijah’s surreptitious political triangulation of Bathsheba and because of Adonijah’s political
machinations to be following in King David’s footsteps. Thereafter, “King Solomon sent by the
hand of Benaiah the son of Jehoiada’ and he struck [Adonijah] down, and he died” (1Kings 1). King
Solomon also dispatched the other ringleaders of the coup - General Joab and Abiathar the Priest,
although Joab was executed and Abiathar was exiled.
Perhaps one of the more fantastical yet pivotal parts of the biblical story of Solomon is the divine
gift that he received from God as recorded in the Hebrew scriptures. Solomon implored, “Now, O
Lord God, let your promise to David my father be established, for you have made me king over a
people like the dust of the earth in multitude. Now give me wisdom and knowledge.” According to
the Hebrew scriptures, this impressed God, so Solomon received not only knowledge and wisdom,
but also “riches and wealth and honor, such as none of the kings have had who were before you, nor
shall any after you have the like” (2 Chronicles 1). The Qur'an also indicates that Solomon received
a divine gift of wisdom, along with other special gifts (21:78–79) - "And We made Sulaiman
[Solomon] to understand (the case); and unto each of them We gave judgment and knowledge."
Features of Solomon's Reign
Solomon’s prosperity and success were also achieved through ingenious reforms and innovations
such as the improvement of defense measures; the expansion of the royal court; the financial
windfall from more sophisticated taxation, labor conscriptions of Canaanites and Israelites, tributes
and gifts from foreign countries under the influence of Solomon; and a land and sea trading system
that utilized a powerful navy and army to protect assets and trade routes. According to the Hebrew
scriptures, “The king made silver and gold as common in Jerusalem as stones, and he made cedars
as abundant as the sycamores, which are in the lowland” (2 Chronicles 1).
King Solomon was also famous for his international relationships, forming alliances with other
nearby powerful nations such as Egypt , Moab, Tyre , Arabia, etc. Many of these partnerships were
cemented through royal marriages and the giving of concubines to Solomon, eventually gaining him
700 wives and 300 concubines. One of King Solomon’s more famous political-amorous
relationships was with the Queen of Sheba (which some speculate to be modern-day Yemen), who
visited Israel with a lavish tribute of 120 talents of gold. The Hebrew scriptures state, “And when
the queen of Sheba had seen the wisdom of Solomon, the house that he had built, the food on his
table, the seating of his servants, the service of his waiters and their apparel, his cupbearers and
their apparel, and his entryway by which he went up to the house of the Lord, there was no more
spirit in her” (2 Chronicles 9).
Clearly, the Queen was impressed with Solomon and his accomplishments, and the two cultivated
an intimate relationship, with Sheba helping create, foster, and maintain Solomon’s trading with
other Arabian kings. Additionally, according to the Rastafarian faith, Solomon and Sheba conceived
a child together, whose descendants included Haile Selassie I, "the God of the Black race," as
Selassie would then be related to both King David and Jesus Christ of Nazareth.
Solomon's Temple
King Solomon is credited in the Hebrew scriptures as sponsoring, planning, funding, and executing
the building of the Temple to house the Ark of the Covenant, per the wishes of his father, King
David, and God. The building of the Temple is recorded in 1 Kings and 2 Chronicles, with the
ground-breaking beginning in the fourth year of Solomon’s reign, and construction was completed
seven years later with an ostentatious dedication. In a seven-day celebration, Solomon sacrificed
22,000 oxen and 120,000 sheep to celebrate the Temple’s completion and God’s willingness to
dwell among them, therein.
Solomon's Temple, Jerusalem
by Unknown Artist (Public Domain)
The architectural design of the Temple was modeled after the tabernacle that had housed the Ark of
the Covenant for decades (if not centuries). Quite lavish, it was double the size and built mainly
from stone, with cedar paneling to hide all masonry, which was overlaid with gold. The inside of the
Temple was decorated with elaborate carvings (gourds and open flowers), golden lampstands, an
altar of incense (also called “the golden altar”), and two bronze pillars among other embellishments.
In a less-advanced architectural age, at over 100 feet long by 40 feet wide by 60 feet high (30 x 12 x
18 m) with outer doors of ivory, the First Temple must have seemed an impossibility, a miraculous
achievement, for most visiting Israelites.
According to the Hebrew scriptures, after the Temple was completed, Solomon had the Ark of the
Covenant finally moved from the tent that King David had made for it and placed it in its
specialized chamber on the most western end of the Temple called, “The Holy of Holies.” A perfect
20 x 20 x 20 ft. (6 x 6 x 6 m) cube, this was the most sacred room that no one besides the Chief
Priest could enter (on the Day of Atonement) without dying. Institutionally and nationally, it was
the intersection of the Divine with his People through his mediator. The Temple did not just house
the Levitical priests of God. Side rooms and a courtyard were constructed around the whole
building, with areas sectioned off for both the priests and the common people of Israel.
Being a builder, King Solomon also engaged in other construction projects such as his
personal palace , the Palace of the Forest of Lebanon, the Hall of the Pillars, and the Hall of Justice.
Yet, Solomon did not restrict his projects to Jerusalem alone. He also rebuilt several cities ; he
commissioned fleets of ships and built numerous harbors to accommodate the bounty of the trade
routes; and he constructed stables to house his thousands of horses and chariots. It is even possible
that he helped erect (or financed with plunder from the Temple by the Assyrians or Babylonians)
the famous Hanging Gardens (one of the legendary Seven Wonders of the World).
Solomon's Literature
King Solomon is also credited for contributing several books and literary works to the Hebrew
scriptures including the Book of Proverbs, the Song of Songs, and Ecclesiastes, as well as
traditionally penning some extra-biblical works including musical songs, poetry, histories, and
scientific works in botany and zoology (although no extant writings have been discovered,
currently). Under Solomon, Israel’s golden age produced most of the works that were eventually
gathered together into the “The Writings” or “Kethubim” section of the Hebrew scriptures.
The Queen of Sheba ( Hebrew : מלכת שבא; Arabic : ٱلْمَلِكَة بَلْقِيْس, romanized : Al-Malikah Balqīs) is a figure first
mentioned in the Hebrew Bible . In the original story, she brings a caravan of valuable gifts for the Israelite
King Solomon . This tale has undergone extensive Jewish , Islamic , and Ethiopian elaborations, and has
become the subject of one of the most widespread and fertile cycles of legends in the Orient . [1]
Modern historians identify Sheba with the South Arabian kingdom of Saba in present-day Yemen . The
queen's existence is disputed among historians. [2]
Narratives[ edit ]
Bible[ edit ]
The Queen of Sheba ( Hebrew : מַלְכַּת־ שְׁבָא, [3] malkat-šəḇā in the Hebrew Bible , Koinē Greek : βασίλισσα
Σαβὰ in
the Septuagint , [4] Syriac : ܡܠܟܬ
ܫܒܐ, [5] Ge'ez : ንግሥተ፡ሳባእ፡ [6] ) came to
Jerusalem "with a very great retinue,
with camels bearing spices, and very
much gold, and precious stones" ( I
Kings 10:2). "Never again came such
an abundance of spices" (10:10; II Chron. 9:1–9) as those she gave to
Solomon. She came "to prove him with hard questions", which
Solomon answered to her satisfaction. They exchanged gifts, after
which she returned to her land. [7][8]
The use of the term ḥiddot or 'riddles' ( I Kings 10:1),
an Aramaic loanword whose shape points to a sound shift no earlier
than the sixth century B.C., indicates a late origin for the text. [7] Since
there is no mention of the fall of Babylon in 539 BC, Martin Noth has
Queen of Sheba and Solomon, around
1280, window now in Cologne
Cathedral, Germany
The Queen of Sheba's visit to
Solomon by Tintoretto, around 1555
held that the Book of Kings received a definitive redaction around 550 BC. [9]
Virtually all modern scholars agree that Sheba was the South Arabian kingdom of Saba , centered around
the oasis of Marib , in present-day Yemen . Sheba was quite well known in the classical world, and its
country was called Arabia Felix . [8] Around the middle of the first millennium B.C., there were Sabaeans
also in the Horn of Africa , in the area that later became the realm of Aksum . [10] There are five places in
the Bible where the writer distinguishes Sheba (שׁבא), i.e. the Yemenite Sabaeans, from Seba (סבא), i.e.
the African Sabaeans. In Ps. 72:10 they are mentioned together: "the kings of Sheba and Seba shall
offer gifts". [11] This spelling differentiation, however, may be purely factitious; the indigenous inscriptions
make no such difference, and both Yemenite and African Sabaeans are there spelt in exactly the same
way. [10]
The alphabetic inscriptions from South Arabia furnish no evidence for women rulers, but Assyrian
inscriptions repeatedly mention Arab queens in the north. [12] Queens are well attested in Arabia, though
according to Kitchen, not after 690 B.C. [7] Furthermore, Sabaean tribes knew the title of mqtwyt ("high
official"). Makada or Makueda, the personal name of the queen in Ethiopian legend, might be
interpreted as a popular rendering of the title of mqtwyt. [13] This title may be derived from Ancient
Egyptian m'kit (?ﾓﾎﾡ?ﾓﾏﾏ? ) "protectress, housewife". [14]
The queen's visit could have been a trade mission . [8][10] Early South Arabian trade with Mesopotamia
involving wood and spices transported by camels is attested in the early ninth century B.C. and may
have begun as early as the tenth. [7]
The ancient Sabaic Awwām Temple , known in folklore as Maḥram ("the Sanctuary of") Bilqīs, was
recently excavated by archaeologists, but no trace of the Queen of Sheba has been discovered so far
in the many inscriptions found there. [8] Another Sabean temple, the Barran Temple ( Arabic : معبد بران), is
also known as the 'Arash Bilqis ("Throne of Bilqis"), which like the nearby Awam Temple was also
dedicated to the god Almaqah, but the connection between the Barran Temple and Sheba has not been
established archaeologically either. [15]
Bible stories of the Queen of Sheba and the ships of Ophir served as a basis for legends about the
Israelites traveling in the Queen of Sheba's entourage when she returned to her country to bring up her
child by Solomon. [16]
Christian[ edit ]
Christian scriptures mention a "queen of the South" ( Greek : βασίλισσα νότου, Latin : Regina austri), who
"came from the uttermost parts of the earth", i.e. from the extremities
of the then known world, to hear the wisdom of Solomon
( Mt. 12:42; Lk. 11:31). [17]
The mystical interpretation of the Song of Songs , which was felt as
supplying a literal basis for the speculations of the allegorists, makes
its first appearance in Origen , who wrote a voluminous commentary on
the Song of Songs. [18] In his commentary, Origen identified the bride
of the Song of Songs with the "queen of the South" of the Gospels, i.e.
the Queen of Sheba, who is assumed to have been
Ethiopian. [19] Others have proposed either the marriage of Solomon
with Pharaoh 's daughter, or his marriage with an Israelite woman,
the Shulamite . The former was the favorite opinion of the mystical
interpreters to the end of the 18th century; the latter has obtained
since its introduction by Good (1803). [18]
The bride of the Canticles is assumed to have been black due to a
passage in Song of Songs 1:5, which the Revised Standard Version (1952)
translates as "I am very dark, but comely", as does Jerome ( Latin : Nigra
sum, sed formosa), while the New Revised Standard Version (1989) has
"I am black and beautiful", as the Septuagint ( Ancient Greek : μέλαινα εἰμί
καί καλή). [20]
King Solomon and the Queen of
Sheba, from The History of the True
Cross by Piero della Francesca
The Embarkation of the Queen of
Sheba, Claude Lorrain (1600‒1682),
oil on canvas
Solomon and The Queen of
Sheba, Giovanni De Min
One legend has it that the Queen of Sheba brought Solomon the same gifts that the Magi later gave to
Christ. [21] During the Middle Ages, Christians sometimes identified the queen of Sheba with
the sibyl Sabba. [22]
Coptic[ edit ]
The story of Solomon and the queen was popular among Copts , as shown by fragments of a Coptic
legend preserved in a Berlin papyrus. The queen, having been subdued by deceit, gives Solomon a
pillar on which all earthly science is inscribed. Solomon sends one of his demons to fetch the pillar from
Ethiopia, whence it instantly arrives. In a Coptic poem, queen Yesaba of Cush asks riddles of
Solomon. [23]
Ethiopian[ edit ]
17th-century AD painting of the Queen of Sheba from a church in Lalibela , Ethiopia and now in the National Museum
of Ethiopia in Addis Ababa
The fullest and most significant version of the legend appears in the Kebra Nagast (Glory of the Kings),
the Ethiopian national saga, translated from Arabic in 1322. [24][25][26] Here Menelik I is the child of
Solomon and Makeda (the Ethiopic name for the queen of Sheba) from whom the Ethiopian dynasty
claims descent to the present day. While the Abyssinian story offers much greater detail, it omits any
mention of the Queen's hairy legs or any other element that might reflect on her unfavourably. [1][27]
Based on the Gospels of Matthew (12:42) and Luke (11:31), the "queen of the South" is claimed to be
the queen of Ethiopia. In those times, King Solomon sought merchants from all over the world, in order
to buy materials for the building of the Temple . Among them was Tamrin, great merchant of Queen
Makeda of Ethiopia. Having returned to Ethiopia, Tamrin told the queen of the wonderful things he had
seen in Jerusalem, and of Solomon's wisdom and generosity, whereupon she decided to visit Solomon.
She was warmly welcomed, given a palace for dwelling, and received great gifts every day. Solomon
and Makeda spoke with great wisdom, and instructed by him, she converted to Judaism. Before she
left, there was a great feast in the king's palace. Makeda stayed in the palace overnight, after Solomon
had sworn that he would not do her any harm, while she swore in return that she would not steal from
him. As the meals had been spicy, Makeda awoke thirsty at night, and went to drink some water, when
Solomon appeared, reminding her of her oath. She answered: "Ignore your oath, just let me drink
water." That same night, Solomon had a dream about the sun rising over Israel, but being mistreated
and despised by the Jews, the sun moved to shine over Ethiopia and Rome (i.e. the Byzantine empire).
Solomon gave Makeda a ring as a token of faith, and then she left. On her way home, she gave birth to
a son, whom she named Baina-leḥkem (i.e. bin al-ḥakīm, "Son of the Wise Man", later called Menilek).
After the boy had grown up in Ethiopia, he went to Jerusalem carrying the ring, and was received with
great honors. The king and the people tried in vain to persuade him to stay. Solomon gathered his
nobles and announced that he would send his first-born son to Ethiopia together with their first-borns.
He added that he was expecting a third son, who would marry the king of Rome's daughter and reign
over Rome, so that the entire world would be ruled by David's descendants. Then Baina-leḥkem was
anointed king by Zadok the high priest, and he took the name David. The first-born nobles who followed
him are named, and even today some Ethiopian families claim their ancestry from them. Prior to
leaving, the priests' sons had stolen the Ark of the Covenant , after their leader Azaryas had offered a
sacrifice as commanded by one God's angel. With much wailing, the procession left Jerusalem on a
wind cart lead and carried by the archangel Michael. Having arrived at the Red Sea , Azaryas revealed to
the people that the Ark is with them. David prayed to the Ark and the people rejoiced, singing, dancing,
blowing horns and flutes, and beating drums. The Ark showed its miraculous powers during the
crossing of the stormy Sea, and all arrived unscathed. When Solomon learned that the Ark had been
stolen, he sent a horseman after the thieves, and even gave chase himself, but neither could catch
them. Solomon returned to Jerusalem, and gave orders to the priests to remain silent about the theft
and to place a copy of the Ark in the Temple, so that the foreign nations could not say that Israel had
lost its fame. [28][29]
According to some sources, Queen Makeda was part of the dynasty founded by Za Besi Angabo in
1370 B.C., with her grandfather and father being the last male rulers of the royal line. The family's
intended choice to rule Aksum was Makeda's brother, Prince Nourad, but his early death led to her
succession to the throne. She apparently ruled the Ethiopian kingdom for more than 50 years. [30]
In the Ethiopian Book of Aksum , Makeda is described as establishing a new capital city at Azeba .[ citation
needed ]
Edward Ullendorff holds that Makeda is a corruption of Candace , the name or title of several Ethiopian
queens from Meroe or Seba . Candace was the name of that queen of the Ethiopians whose chamberlain
was converted to Christianity under the preaching of Philip the Evangelist ( Acts 8:27) in 30 A.D. In the
14th century (?) Ethiopic version of the Alexander romance , Alexander the
Great of Macedonia (Ethiopic Meqédon) is said to have met a queen Kandake of Nubia . [31]
Historians believe that the Solomonic dynasty actually began in 1270 with the emperor Yekuno Amlak ,
who, with the support of the Ethiopian Church , overthrew the Zagwe Dynasty , which had ruled Ethiopia
since sometime during the 10th century. The link to King Solomon provided a strong foundation for
Ethiopian national unity. "Ethiopians see their country as God's chosen country, the final resting place
that he chose for the Ark – and Sheba and her son were the means by which it came there". [32] Despite
the fact that the dynasty officially ended in 1769 with Emperor Iyoas , Ethiopian rulers continued to trace
their connection to it, right up to the last 20th-century emperor, Haile Selassie . [27]
According to one tradition, the Ethiopian Jews ( Beta Israel , "Falashas") also trace their ancestry to
Menelik I, son of King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba. [33] An opinion that appears more historical is
that the Falashas descend from those Jews who settled in Egypt after the first exile , and who, upon the
fall of the Persian domination (539–333 B.C.) on the borders of the Nile, penetrated into the Sudan,
whence they went into the western parts of Abyssinia. [34]
Several emperors have stressed the importance of the Kebra Negast. One of the first instances of this
can be traced in a letter from Prince Kasa (King John IV) to Queen Victoria in 1872. [35] Kasa states,
"There is a book called Kebra Nagast which contains the law of the whole of Ethiopia, and the names of
the shums (governors), churches and provinces are in this book. I pray you will find out who has got this
book and send it to me, for in my country my people will not obey my orders without it." [32] Despite the
historic importance given to the Kebra Negast, there is still doubt to whether or not the Queen sat on
the throne.
Jewish[ edit ]
According to Josephus ( Ant. 8:165–173), the queen of Sheba was the queen of Egypt and Ethiopia, and
brought to Israel the first specimens of the balsam , which grew in the Holy Land in the historian's
time. [8][36] Josephus (Antiquities 2.5‒2.10) represents Cambyses as conquering the capital of Aethiopia,
and changing its name from Seba to Meroe . [37] Josephus affirms that the Queen of Sheba or Saba
came from this region, and that it bore the name of Saba before it was known by that of Meroe. There
seems also some affinity between the word Saba and the name or title of the kings of the
Aethiopians, Sabaco . [38]
The Talmud ( Bava Batra 15b) insists that it was not a woman but a kingdom of Sheba (based on varying
interpretations of Hebrew mlkt) that came to Jerusalem, obviously intended to discredit existing stories
about the relations between Solomon and the Queen. [1] Baba Bathra 15b: "Whoever says malkath
Sheba (I Kings X, 1) means a woman is mistaken; ... it means the kingdom (מַלְכֻת) of Sheba". [39] This is
explained to mean that she was a woman who was not in her position because of being married to the
king, but through her own merit. [40]
The most elaborate account of the queen's visit to Solomon is given in the Targum
Sheni to Esther (see: Colloquy of the Queen of Sheba ). A hoopoe informed Solomon that the kingdom of
Sheba was the only kingdom on earth not subject to him and that its queen was a sun worshiper. He
thereupon sent it to Kitor in the land of Sheba with a letter attached to its wing commanding its queen to
come to him as a subject. She thereupon sent him all the ships of the sea loaded with precious gifts
and 6,000 youths of equal size, all born at the same hour and clothed in purple garments. They carried
a letter declaring that she could arrive in Jerusalem within three years although the journey normally
took seven years. When the queen arrived and came to Solomon's palace, thinking that the glass floor
was a pool of water, she lifted the hem of her dress, uncovering her legs. Solomon informed her of her
mistake and reprimanded her for her hairy legs. She asked him three ( Targum Sheni to Esther 1:3) or,
according to the Midrash ( Prov. ii. 6; Yalḳ. ii., § 1085, Midrash ha-Hefez ), more riddles to test his
wisdom. [1][7][8][36]
A Yemenite manuscript entitled "Midrash ha-Hefez" (published by S. Schechter in Folk-Lore, 1890,
pp. 353 et seq.) gives nineteen riddles, most of which are found scattered through the Talmud and the
Midrash, which the author of the "Midrash ha-Hefez" attributes to the Queen of Sheba. [41] Most of these
Apocrypha, the Wisdom of Solomon is a deuterocanonical collection of wisdom sayings attributed to
King Solomon (based on chapter 9:7–8), although the Muratorian Fragment suggests that it was
"written by the friends of Solomon in his honour."
Losing Favour With God
Despite all these great accomplishments, the Hebrew scriptures indicate that the decline of Solomon
was similar to the fall of the previous kings of United Israel - similar, in that personal vanity and
religious/moral compromise led to social disintegration and strife. Solomon slowly deprioritized his
relationship and obligations to God in order to appease his many foreign wives and in order to
protect the prosperity and longevity of his rule. Ultimately, “[Solomon’s] wives turned his heart
after other gods, and his heart was not fully devoted to the Lord his God, as the heart of David his
father had been” (1 Kings 11). Solomon’s ungrateful, disloyal actions and attitude - despite being
the wisest and most blessed man on the earth - provoked the anger and judgment of the Lord.
Thus, although still able to keep control of the nation of Israel because of God’s promise to King
David, Solomon lost the protection and favor of God that earlier had provided remarkable peace and
prosperity when he was obedient to God. Solomon soon found new challenges from within and
without his kingdom, including Jeroboam who was promised to reign over Israel by the Prophet
Ahijah, from Hadad of Edom who challenged Solomon’s territorial control in the southern territory
of Israel, and from Rezon of Damascus, who threatened Solomon’s control over the northern
territory of Israel.
King Solomon died of natural causes in 931 BCE at the age of 80. His son, Rehoboam, inherited the
throne, which led to a civil war and the end of the United Kingdom of Israel in in 930 BCE.
Epigraphical & Archaeological Evidence for King Solomon
As with King David, verifying the existence of King Solomon is challenging, at best, especially
since epigraphs typically provide imprecise information, and the biblical accounts rest upon a
presupposition of supernatural realities. Although there is much archaeological and epigraphical
evidence to substantiate the possibility of some/many (non-supernatural) scriptural assertions,
archaeological finds to date have provided mostly indirect affirmation. With such huge gaps in
archaeological evidence and with the contamination of too many archaeological fields, it is easy to
speculate, theorize, or make an argument from silence, but it is difficult to empirically prove or
disprove the existence of Solomon. Still, some provocative-yet-controversial archaeological finds
have been recently unearthed over the last century that require consideration.
Although its first discoverer is unknown, in 1828 CE, Jean–François Champollion, who also
discovered the Rosetta Stone in 1799 CE, examined the Bubastite Portal gate (built in 925 BCE) at
the temple of Amun in Thebes . On its walls, among the historical paintings, a long list of defeated
peoples by Pharaoh Shoshenq is accessible, including those from the “Highland/Heights of David,”
presumably led by King Rehoboam, which led Champollion to conclude that Pharaoh Shoshenq and
King Shishak of Egypt, as referenced in 1 Kings in the Hebrew scriptures, are one and the same.
In 1868 CE, Missionary Frederick Augustus Klein discovered an intact stele in Dhiban, Jordan ,
called the “Mesha Stele” or the “Moabite Stone,” with text that he could not read. Although the
stele was smashed by contentious locals the next year, a papier-måché impression had been made of
it and the stele was reassembled. The inscription on the stele references the Moabites, their god, and
also references the nation of Israel and Omri, her sixth king. Similar finds such as the Black
Obelisk of Shalmaneser III and the Chronicle of Sennacherib also confirm the existence of Israelite
kings during the Assyrian hegemony.
The Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III, side A, 2nd register
by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin (CC BY-NC-SA)
Between 1957 CE and 1971 CE, archaeologist Yigael Yadin began excavations at two of the three
cities mentioned in 1 Kings 9 (fully at Hazor and in a cursory investigation at Megiddo), which had
gates supposedly built by King Solomon c. 960 BCE. Based on compared archaeological evidence
from all three sites, which included Macalister’s excavation report at Gezer from 1902–09 CE,
Yadin concluded that the three city gates were designed by the same engineer (based on the same
structural dimensions), built by the same workers (stylistically and methodologically
from Phoenicia ), and utilized the same material (they contained ashlar masonry quarried in Tyre).
Additionally, in the 1860s CE, Charles Warren discovered a wall and courtyard in Jerusalem that
were later found to be identical to the one in Megiddo and dating from the period of King Solomon.
In 1993 CE, Avraham Biran discovered the Tel Dan Inscription on a broken stele in northern Israel.
The inscription commemorates the victory of an Aramean king over its southern neighbors, and
specifically references both the “king of Israel,” and the “king of the House of David.” This is
perhaps the first real, direct, historical evidence for the Davidic Dynasty in Israel.
In 2010 CE, Eilat Mazar and her team discovered a 10th century BCE wall between the Temple
Mount and the modern-day Arab neighborhood of Silwan. The wall was part of a larger complex
that included a gatehouse, guard tower, and other buildings. Based on artifacts found in and around
the area, Mazar suspects that the wall is at least 3,000 years old, which would place its construction
in the time period of King Solomon (as referenced in 1 Kings).
In 2012 CE, Eilat Mazar and her archaeological team discovered an ancient structure at the Ophel in
Jerusalem that dated back to the Solomonic era. In a bedrock depression within that structure, the
archaeologists also discovered a large storage jar (or pithos) with the earliest alphabetical letters
ever found in Jerusalem written on an earthenware jug. Although the seals do not directly reference
King David or King Solomon, the Ophel Inscription not only suggests an advanced society living in
Jerusalem earlier than previously believed; it also indicates a fully-functioning administration that
collected taxes and implemented regulations during the period of King Solomon’s reign.
In 2013 CE, Erez Ben-Yosef and his archaeological team discovered radiocarbon dating evidence
forcing many archaeologists and historians to revise their presumptions about the copper mines in
Israel’s Aravah Desert. Previously assumed to be Egyptian, the new evidence suggests that the
mines were actually operated by the Edomites, the ancient enemies of Israel repeatedly referenced
in the Hebrew scriptures, who lived during the period of Solomon.
In 2014 CE, students and faculty from Mississippi State University discovered six official clay seals
in southern Israel near Gaza. Although the seals do not directly reference King David or King
Solomon, the Khirbet Summeily clay seals indicate official government activity in 10th century
BCE, which had been assumed to be too tribal for such sophistication.
In 2016 CE, Israeli archaeologists discovered numerous small artifacts from the Temple Mount,
which have been dated to the time of the First Temple, nearly 3,000 years ago. Shards from the
archaeological dig include pottery fragments (a standard in general archaeological dating), olive
pits, animal bones, and they all share a uniform date from the Solomonic period, according to the
team’s findings.
Conclusion
By no means conclusive, the aforementioned discoveries do give some credence to the theory that a
United Kingdom of Israel once existed in the Mediterranean region although Israel’s regional
influence, military prowess, infrastructural contributions, and early pivotal leaders are still
somewhat veiled. Fortunately, new archaeological discoveries continue to be made and advanced
technology continues to bring to light the shadows of that which has been hidden for centuries and
centuries.
Archaeological and historical evidence of other kings of Israel and Judah - such as Omri, Ahab,
Joram, Ahaziah, Jehu, Hezekiah - have been uncovered in the historical landscape (and one could
conceivably expect more to follow). Still, considering the traditional view of King Solomon as the
wisest, most prosperous man on earth and King of his time (and of all future kings of Israel), the
lack of direct historical and archaeological references to him, to the name “King Solomon” outside
of the Hebrew scriptures, which portray him as the wisest of all fools, is quite ironical or evidential,
indeed.
YORUBA LEGENDS
I
THE KINGDOM OF THE YORUBAS
THE ancient King Oduduwa had a great many grandchildren, and on his death he
divided among them all his possessions. But his youngest grandson, Oranyan, was at
that time away hunting, and when he returned home he learnt that his brothers and
cousins had inherited the old King’s money, cattle, beads, native cloths, and crowns,
but that to himself nothing was left but twenty-one pieces of iron, a cock, and some
soil tied up in a rag.
At that time the whole earth was covered with water, on the surface of which the
people lived.
The resourceful Oranyan spread upon the water his pieces of iron, and upon the
iron he placed the scrap of cloth, and upon the cloth the soil, and on the soil the
cock. p. 2 The cock scratched with his feet and scattered the soil far and wide, so that
the ocean was partly filled up and islands appeared everywhere. The pieces of iron
became the mineral wealth hidden under the ground.
Now Oranyan’s brothers and cousins all desired to live on the land, and Oranyan
allowed them to do so on payment of tribute. He thus became King of all the
Yorubas, and was rich and prosperous through his grandfather’s inheritance.
II
HOW TRIBAL MARKS CAME TO BE USED
A CERTAIN King named Sango sent two slaves to a distant country on an important
mission.
In due course they returned, and he found that one slave had achieved successfully
what he had been sent to do, while the other had accomplished nothing. The p. 3 King
therefore rewarded the first with high honours, and commanded the second to receive
a hundred and twenty-two razor cuts all over his body.
This was a severe punishment, but when the scars healed, they gave to the slave a
very remarkable appearance, which greatly took the fancy of the King’s wives.
Sango therefore decided that cuts should in future be given, not as punishment, but
as a sign of royalty, and he placed himself at once in the hands of the markers.
However, he could only bear two cuts, and so from that day two cuts on the arm have
been the sign of royalty, and various other cuts came to be the marks of different
tribes.
III
AKITI THE HUNTER
A FAMOUS hunter and wrestler named Akiti boasted that he was stronger than any
other man or animal. He had easily overcome a giant, a leopard, a lion, a wolf, and p.
4 a boa-constrictor, and as nobody else opposed his claim, he called himself “the King
of the forest.”
Wherever he went, he sang his triumphant wrestling-song, and everyone feared and
respected him. But he had forgotten the Elephant, who is a very wise animal and
knows many charms. One day the Elephant challenged him and declared that he had
no right to call himself “King,” as the Elephant himself was the monarch of the forest
and could not be defeated.
Akiti thereupon flung his spear at his enemy, but because of the Elephant’s charm,
the weapon glanced off his hide and did him no harm. Akiti next tried his bow and
poisoned arrows, and his hunting-knife, but still without effect.
However, the hunter also possessed a charm, and by using it, he changed himself
into a lion and flew at the Elephant, but the Elephant flung him off. Next he became a
serpent, but he could not succeed in crushing the Elephant to death.
p. 5
At last he changed himself into a fly, and flew into the Elephant’s large flapping
ear. He went right down inside until he came to the heart, and then he changed
himself into a man again and cut up the heart with his hunting-knife. At last the
Elephant fell dead, and Akiti stepped out of his body in triumph, for he was now
without question “the King of the forest.”
IV
SONS OF STICKS
A GREAT King sent his various sons to rule over different parts of his kingdom, and all
were satisfied but one, the youngest and most ambitious, who returned to his father
after some time with the complaint that his territory was much too small and his
subjects too few.
The King was displeased with his son, and sent for a large bundle of sticks, which
he converted into human beings.
“Here are some more subjects for you!” he said to the astonished Prince.
p. 6
From that time the tribe was famous for its strength and stupidity, and went by the
nickname of “Sons of Sticks,” or “Ọmọ igi”!
V
WHY WOMEN HAVE LONG HAIR
TWO women quarrelled, and one of them went out secretly at night and dug a deep pit
in the middle of the path leading from her enemy’s house to the village well.
Early next morning, when all were going to the well for water with jars balanced on
their heads, this woman fell into the pit and cried loudly for help.
Her friends ran to her and, seizing her by the hair, began to pull her out of the pit.
To their surprise, her hair stretched as they pulled, and by the time she was safely on
the path, her hair was as long as a man’s arm.
This made her very much ashamed, and she ran away and hid herself.
But after a while she realized that her long hair was beautiful, and then she felt p.
7 very proud and scorned all the short-haired women, jeering at them. When they saw
this, they were consumed with jealousy, and began to be ashamed of their short hair.
“We have men’s hair,” they said to one another. “How beautiful it would be to have
long hair!”
So one by one they jumped into the pit, and their friends pulled them out by the
hair.
And in this way they, and all women after them, had long hair.
https://guardian.ng/life/sango-and-oya-when-love-burns/
The tragic Shakespearean love story of Romeo and Juliet is universally celebrated as
the true definition of what love is: the two impressionable minds see past the inter-
family feud and stand firm in the face of the opposition to what they hold dear. And
at the end, only death can lay its cold hands on their burning desire successfully.
Death also plays a significant role in an equally tragic love story between Sango, a
powerful Alaafin of Old Oyo Empire and Oya, his concubine who was a spirit with
powers to transform into animals and summon rain.
Oya and Sango. Photo – Pinterest
Sango had other women in his life – Oshun, the first and the one historians
considered to be the legitimate wife and Oba was the second.
The first two wives posed big competition. But Oya had something they both lacked.
She became Sango’s favourite and the bond between them was made stronger due to
the complimentary superpowers they possessed. And together, they were a powerful
force.
When it’s time to ravage their enemies, Oya, who had the power to summon wind,
would lead the charge. With her power, she would blow off roofs, fall trees and
breathe life into the fire set by Sango’s thunder. Generally, Oya was more than a wife
to Sango. They were like Bob and Helen Parr of The Incredibles.
https://norsemythologyinformation.weebly.com/odin-and-frigga.html
Odin and Frigga were the King and Queen of all the gods. Odin was a stern and sometimes
cruel King. He had great power that he sometimes used for unjustified purposes. He could be
spiteful and his anger was feared by many. He was worshipped by those oh high standard
such as kings or nobles, and was greatly respected. He was the god of battle, poetry, wisdom,
and the dead. Whenever he struck his spear to the ground, battle would begin. He decided
the outcome of every battle. He also decided which fallen warriors would join him in his two
halls Valhalla and Valaskjalf.He had two ravens named Huninn(Thought) and
Muninn(Memory), which flew over the Worlds and returned to him with information on
important happenings. He obtained the Mead of Poetry from Jotunheim and sometimes
gifted humans with its contents in order to inspire them to poetic greatness. He achieved
great wisdom by sacrificing one of his eyes to Mimir, the guardian of the Fountain of Mimir
or Knowledge. He also allowed himself to become a sacrificial victim, impaling himself on a
branch of Yggdrasil for nine days, after which he died, learning the wisdom of the dead. At
Ragnarok, Odin will be killed by Fenrir, the giant wolf, but avenged by his son Vidar.
Frigga was Odin's loving and faithful wife. She was a mother goddess and cared for all
humans, though she was partial to mothers and children. They had two sons together:
Balder, the god of light, purity, and beauty and Bragi, the god of poetry, elegance, and
wisdom. Frigga was able to see into the future, but she never revealed what she saw.
https://greekgodsandgoddesses.net/gods/hephaestus/
HOME » GREEK GODS » HEPHAESTUS
Hephaestus
Greek God of Fire and Metalworking
Hephaestus was the god of fire, metalworking, stone masonry, forges and the art of sculpture. He
was the son of ZEUS and HERA and married to APHRODITE by Zeus to prevent a war of the gods
fighting for her hand. He was a smithing god, making all of the weapons for Olympus and acting as
a blacksmith for the gods.
He had his own palace on Olympus where he made many clever inventions and automatons of
metal to work for him. Hephaestus’s ugly appearance was the reason Zeus chose him to marry
Aphrodite, but despite this she had many affairs with both gods and men.
In one story, Hephaestus builds a tricky invention which catches Aphrodite laying with the ARES ,
the god of war, trapping them both in the bed to be laughed at and ridiculed by the other gods.
He is similar to ATHENA in his giving skill and help to mortals – in his case artists. It was believed
that Hephaestus taught men the arts alongside Athena. However, he was also considered far inferior
to that of the goddess of wisdom.
Facts about Hephaestus
Hephaestus was known as the God of Fire.
In some accounts, he was said to be the son of Zeus and Hera; in others, he was the son of
Hera alone, conceived in order to get back at Zeus for bringing forth Athena.
Hephaestus was the only ugly god among perfectly beautiful immortals.
Hephaestus was born deformed and was cast out of heaven by one or both of his parents
when they noticed that he was imperfect.
He was the workman of the immortals: he made their dwellings, furnishings, and weapons.
In his workshop, Hephaestus had assistants who were made out of gold and who helped him
with his work.
His forge or workshop was located under a volcano, and the work he did within it caused
frequent eruptions.
In most accounts, Aphrodite is named as his wife, although she was unfaithful to him (with
Ares, for one). Theirs was an arranged marriage.
Hephaestus was a patron of the arts.
He was a kind and peace-loving god.
In art, Hephaestus is usually depicted as bending over an anvil or walking with the assistance
of a cane.
He was worshipped primarily in Athens, where he had a temple.
Hephaestus manufactured the aegis (or shield) that Athena is known for carrying.
The arrows of Eros (known also as Cupid) were fashioned by Hephaestus as well.
Hephaestus was the god of the ceremony when children were officially admitted to the city
organization.
According to a story told both by Homer and Hesiod, Hephaestus married Aglaia, one of the
three Graces.
Hephaestus was known for making a gold basket that Europa, daughter of the King of Sidon,
used to gather flowers when she happened upon Zeus in the meadow.
Hephaestus crafted the armor that Achilles wore in the Trojan War. The same arms, despite
their connection to divinity, brought about the death of Ajax.
Aphrodite gave Harmonia an extraordinary necklace made by Hephaestus. The piece of
jewelry brought disaster to later generations.
Erichthonius was the son of Hephaestus: he was half man, half serpent.
Maat was also the goddess who personified these concepts, and regulated the stars,
seasons, and the actions of mortals and the deities who had brought order from chaos at
the moment of creation
Themis (/ˈθiːmɪs/; Ancient Greek: Θέμις) is an ancient GreekTitaness. She is described as
"[the Lady] of good counsel", and is the personification of divine order, fairness, law,
natural law, and custom. Her symbols are the Scales of Justice, tools used to remain balanced
and pragmatic.
A long time ago a bold young Arawâk hunter captured a beautiful royal vulture. She is the
daughter of Anuanima, sovereign of a race which has its country above the sky. When at
home there, they cease to be birds, and assume the form and habits of human beings. The
captive, smitten with love for her handsome captor, lays aside her feathers, and appears
before him as a beautiful girl. She becomes his wife, bears him above the clouds, and, after
much trouble, persuades her father and family to receive him. All then goes well, until he
expresses a wish to visit his aged mother, when they discard him, and set him on the top of a
very high tree, the trunk of which is covered with formidable prickles. He appeals pathetically
to all the living creatures around. Then spiders spin cords to help him, and fluttering birds
ease his descent, so that at last he reaches the ground in safety. Her family seek to destroy him,
but by his strength and sagacity he is victorious in every encounter. The birds at length
espouse his cause, assemble their forces, and bear him as their commander above the sky. He
is at last slain by a valiant young warrior, resembling himself in person and features. It is his
own son, born after his expulsion from the upper regions, and brought up there in ignorance
of his father. the royal vultures, who, hemmed in by crowds of hostile birds, are unable to use
their wings, and forced to fight and die in their human forms
Queen Nanny, Granny Nanny or Nanny (c. 1686 – c. 1755), led a community of formerly enslaved
Africans called the Windward Maroons. [1] In the early 18th century, they fought a multi-year war against
British colonizers in Jamaica. Queen Nanny was born in what is today Ghana of the Akan or Ashanti
people. [2] According to the oral tradition and at least one documentary source, she was never
enslaved. [2] Although widely assumed that she arrived in Jamaica as a slave, how she arrived in
Jamaica is not certain.
In 1976 Jamaica declared Nanny as their only female national hero celebrating her success as a leader,
military tactician and strategist. [3] During the years of warfare, the British suffered horrendous losses in
their encounters with the Windward Maroons. Many attributed their mastery over the British to the
successful use of supernatural powers by Nanny. This reputation coupled with the losses terrorized the
British troops. Having failed to defeat them on the battle field, the British sued for peace signing a treaty
with them on April 20, 1740. [2] The treaty stopped the hostilities, provided for state sanctioned freedom
for the Maroons, and a granted 500 acres of land to Nanny and her followers. The village built on the
land grant still stands and today is called Moore Town . It is also known as the New Nanny Town. Modern
members of the Moore Town celebrate April 20, 1740 as a holiday. Her image is also on the Jamaican
$500 bill which is called a Nanny.
Biography[ edit ]
Nanny was born into the Ashanti/ Asante nation about 1686 in what is now Ghana, West Africa. There
are two versions of her early story. It is not clear from objective sources which is accurate. In one she
came as a free woman who may have even had her own slaves.In the other, she came to Jamaica as a
slave but then escaped, perhaps even jumping off of the ship while it was off shore. However, the oral
traditions about her arrival in Jamaica maintain that she was always free. [2]
By 1720, Nanny and Quao, sometimes called her brother, settled and controlled an area in the Blue
Mountains. It was later given the name Nanny Town . Nanny Town had a strategic location overlooking
Stony River via a 900-foot (270 m) ridge, making a surprise attack by the British very difficult. [4]
Nanny became a folk hero. While the British captured Nanny Town on more than one occasion, they
were unable to hold on to it, in the wake of numerous guerrilla attacks from the Maroons. The Maroons
waged a successful war against the British colonial forces over the course of a decade. [5]
When Nanny Town was abandoned, the Windward Maroons under the command of Nanny moved to
New Nanny Town, which consisted of 500 acres (2.4 km²) of land granted by the government to the
refugee slaves under a 1740 treaty ending the First Maroon War . [6]
Windward Maroons[ edit ]
The Windward Maroons fought the British on the east side of the Island of Jamaica from their village in
the Blue Mountains of Portland Parish. [2] They traced their heritage to the Africans who were brought to
Jamaica by the Spanish during the Spanish rule of Jamaica 1509-1665. When the British conquered
Jamaica, the Spanish left leaving many of their slaves. These formerly enslaved people, with their ranks
enhanced with escaped and liberated slaves, became the core of the Windward Maroons. They staged
a prolonged fight against British subjugation and enslavement. [2]
The community raised animals, hunted, and grew crops. Maroons at Nanny Town and similar
communities survived by sending traders to the nearby market towns to exchange food for weapons
and cloth. It was organized very much like a typical Asante society in Africa .
The Maroons were also known for raiding plantations for weapons and food, burning the plantations,
and leading freed slaves to join their mountain communities. Nanny was highly successful at organizing
plans to free slaves. During a period of 30 years, she was credited with freeing more than 1000 slaves,
and helping them to resettle in the Maroon community. [4]
First Maroon War[ edit ]
Between 1728 and 1734, during the First Maroon War , Nanny Town and other Maroon settlements were
frequently attacked by British forces. They wanted to stop the raids and believed that the Maroons
prevented settlement of the interior. According to some accounts, in 1733 many Maroons of Nanny
Town traveled across the island to unite with the Leeward Maroons. [4] In 1734, a Captain Stoddart
attacked the remnants of Nanny Town, "situated on one of the highest mountains in the island", via "the
only path" available: "He found it steep, rocky, and difficult, and not wide enough to admit the passage
of two persons abreast." [7]
In addition to the use of the ravine, resembling what Jamaicans call a "cockpit", the Maroons also used
decoys to trick the British into ambushes. A few Maroons would run out into view of the British and then
run in the direction of fellow Maroons who were hidden and would attack. After falling into these
ambushes several times, the British retaliated. According to a planter named Bryan Edwards, who
wrote his narrative half a century later, Captain Stoddart "found the huts in which the negroes were
asleep", and "fired upon them so briskly, that many were slain in their habitations". [7] However, recent
evidence shows that the number of Windward Maroons killed by Stoddart in his attack on Nanny Town
was in single digits. [8]
Military Tactics[ edit ]
The Windward Maroon's success against a much superior and better armed enemy was a testament to
the great skill their leader, Nanny, possessed. One of their advantages over the British was their long-
range communications capability. They pioneered the use of a cow horn called an abeng. [3] This horn
with a hole drilled in one end was used for long range communications. Its signals allowed Maroon
lookouts to communicate over great distances. Its signals were not understood by the British who had
no similar communications capability. [2]
Nanny's troops were masters of camouflage. The soldiers were so proficient at disguising their location
that the British soldiers circulated tales of trees in the forest becoming alive and cutting one's head off.
Besides the physical aspects of camouflage the Maroons became experts in slowing their breathing so
as not to reveal their presence to someone in their vicinity. The maroons also developed ways of
creating stealthy fires that were not readily visible. [1][2]
The Windward Maroons were innovators in guerilla warfare. They used surprise, the knowledge of the
terrain, and cleverly chosen positions in their fight against the British. Their village was located in
rugged territory with only one way in. That one way in was a narrow path that was only wide enough for
one person. Soldiers trying to attack arrayed in a single file were easily ambushed. To heighten the
enemy's fear, Nanny never killed all of the attacking force. She would always allow a remnant to live to
return to based a relay the story and horror of the massacre. [2]
Treaty[ edit ]
Representatives of the British governor in Jamaica signed a treaty with the Windward Maroons in
1740. [2] The colonial authorities promised them 500 acres. This initial allocation was later added to. The
rebuilt Nanny Town, now called Moore Town was built on that location. The Maroons agreed not to
harbor new runaway slaves, but to help catch them for bounties. The Maroons were also expected to
fight for the British in the case of an attack from the French or Spanish. [5] In signing treaties with the
Maroons, the British not only made a truce with a troublesome foe but also enlisted that foe in capturing
runaway slaves.
A Spiritual Woman[ edit ]
Besides being a superb tactician and leader of her people Nanny was an obea woman. In Jamaica an
obea woman is one who practices African spirituality. It embodies her access of the supernatural but is
not necessarily bad, It does not have the negative associations westerners attach to indigenous
spirituality when they label it witchcraft. Nanny's success in defending her people against overwhelming
British forces was often attributed to her mysterious supernatural powers. Here are some of the powers
attributed to her from the oral tradition. The written tradition, maintained by the British, did not address
this aspect of her life.
Nanny was reported to have magical powers to catch bullets and then redirect them back at the people
who shot at her. [1] This bullet catching may actually have some basis of truth in it. In Africa, some
people had perfected the art of catching bullets with their hands. [2]
One abiding reference to Nanny spiritual power is the legend about the original Nanny Town. According
to legend if any straight haired, white man, goes to the spot, he is immediately struck dead. [2]
Accolades[ edit ]
Nanny is celebrated in Jamaica and abroad:
The government of Jamaica declared Queen Nanny a National Hero in 1976. Her portrait is featured on
the $500 Jamaican dollar bill, which is colloquially referred to as a "Nanny". [9]
Nanny's Monument is located in Moore Town, Portland, Jamaica. [10]
Nannyville Gardens , a residential community located in Kingston, Jamaica , was founded in 1977 and
named after her.
The Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance and Abolition at Yale University in the
United States uses Nanny's portrait in its logo. The Center sponsors research and conferences
on slavery in the Americas .
Burning Spear , a Jamaican reggae singer, has a song titled "Queen of the Mountain," which is inspired
by Queen Nanny.
Chapter 15: Human Rights
Preamble
Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members
of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,
Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have
outraged the conscience of mankind, and the advent of a world in which human beings shall enjoy
freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and want has been proclaimed as the highest
aspiration of the common people, Whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have
recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be
protected by the rule of law, Whereas it is essential to promote the development of friendly relations
between nations, Whereas the peoples of the United Nations have in the Charter reaffirmed their
faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person and in the equal
rights of men and women and have determined to promote social progress and better standards of
life in larger freedom, Whereas Member States have pledged themselves to achieve, in co-operation
with the United Nations, the promotion of universal respect for and observance of human rights and
fundamental freedoms, Whereas a common understanding of these rights and freedoms is of the
greatest importance for the full realization of this pledge, Now, Therefore THE GENERAL
ASSEMBLY proclaims THIS UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS as a common
standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every
organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education
to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and
international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance, both among the
peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction.
Article 1.
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and
conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Article 2.
Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction
of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or
social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis
of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person
belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of
sovereignty.
Article 3.
Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.
Article 4.
No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all
their forms.
Article 5.
No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.
Article 6.
Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.
Article 7.
All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the
law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration
and against any incitement to such discrimination.
Article 8.
Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating
the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law.
Article 9.
No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile.
Article 10.
Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial
tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him.
Article 11.
(1) Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty
according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defence.
(2) No one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account of any act or omission which did not
constitute a penal offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed.
Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the penal
offence was committed.
Article 12.
No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or
correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the
protection of the law against such interference or attacks.
Article 13.
(1) Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each state.
(2) Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country.
Article 14.
(1) Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution.
(2) This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions genuinely arising from non-political
crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.
Article 15.
(1) Everyone has the right to a nationality.
(2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his
nationality.
Article 16.
(1) Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the
right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during
marriage and at its dissolution.
(2) Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses.
(3) The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by
society and the State.
Article 17.
(1) Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others.
(2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property.
Article 18.
Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom
to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public
or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance.
Article 19.
Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold
opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any
media and regardless of frontiers.
Article 20.
(1) Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association.
(2) No one may be compelled to belong to an association.
Article 21.
(1) Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely
chosen representatives.
(2) Everyone has the right of equal access to public service in his country.
(3) The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government; this will shall be
expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall
be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures.
Article 22.
Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization,
through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and
resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and
the free development of his personality.
Article 23.
(1) Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favourable conditions
of work and to protection against unemployment.
(2) Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work.
(3) Everyone who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration ensuring for himself and
his family an existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by other means of
social protection.
(4) Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests.
Article 24.
Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and
periodic holidays with pay.
Article 25.
(1) Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself
and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services,
and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or
other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.
(2) Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All children, whether born
in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection.
Article 26.
(1)Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and
fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional
education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all
on the basis of merit.
(2) Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the
strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote
understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall
further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace.
(3) Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children.
Article 27.
(1) Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts
and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits.
(2) Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any
scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author.
Article 28.
Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms set forth in
this Declaration can be fully realized.
Chapter 20: Emergency Preparation and Response
Section 2: Emergency Response
C: Food and Supply Rationing:
Chapter 22: Heaven
Eternalism
Eternalism is a philosophical approach to the ontological nature of time , which takes the view that all
existence in time is equally real, as opposed to presentism or the growing block universe theory of time,
in which at least the future is not the same as any other time. [1] Some forms of eternalism give time a
similar ontology to that of space , as a dimension , with different times being as real as different places,
and future events are "already there" in the same sense other places are already there, and that there
is no objective flow of time. [2] It is sometimes referred to as the "block time" or "block universe"
theory due to its description of space-time as an unchanging four-dimensional "block", as opposed to
the view of the world as a three-dimensional space modulat
They want to use Precedent in Law well i will use Precedent aswell and since the Natural Judges of Society almost every animal life form here before humans judged LGBT as Family and a normal part of society without violence gives me evidence that what humans are doing is unnatural to the Earth and its Societies!!!
Warning Adult Content 18 only
New film idea called Move in Silence; Aunty a lady named Julia was a lesbian and she knew it since she was 11 years old and her parents knew she was before that. Julia was diagnosed with a learning disability once a male teacher realized that she was a lesbian. The male teacher had tried to date her Aunty but was rejected because her Aunty was a Lesbian. Julia had other siblings who were straight and hated her so they joined an organization that passes messages or leads people in the wrong direction once they are LGBT. 40 years later after a life full of sabotage Julia is still a success. Julia realizes they are going to kill one of her nieces and goes buck wild breaking down the system where they fake being religious to sway public opinion while doing as much evil in private as they can. She helps bring a case after she iscovers that her lesbian best friend was murdered by her own family so that they could not give the inheritance to another lgbt member in the family. as the Aunt and Neice create a lgbt task force they go to Indian where an Indian Female Monk who is a scientist and because she is lesbian they try to use child soldiers against her and try to make her look like a pedophile but those children still love her but they want her straight so they destroy her in public but in private have who they feel is best for her. she refuses and is set for and honor killing and the first film ends with her tied up and many around her ready to burn her.
quite literally certain people will convert gas (belch or fart) better (their body will naturally mix it better genetically this will also translate to manure yes piss and poop) than others and will be important to the environment, they wont always be good and our goal should be to make sure they are and they dont let evil tempt them. different flowers and trees will require different mixtures at different times of the year depending on the seasons. this will go for certain animals and their worth to the environment will be worth more than them being eaten.
Since the outer layer of the Anus is made of the same skin as the lips i believe a variation of lip gloss may work there as well. When you check Darwin's evolutionary map you will see the Polyp which had a mouth that was its anus aswell and it could a sexually replicate.
Divine Love Council Message
For any of the Preachers who want to Preach at any Kaleidoscope Temples from the Monogamous to the Other Varieties you must respect your cut and keep it honest or you will be replaced after how things have been going i think the temples will have to be separated until each respects their cut and never makes any make decisions unfairly. Breaking these vows comes with plagues and hexes from the Divine Creator.
And so for lovers of the soulmate variety and the monogamous pairs of LGBT and straight allies, you dont have to buy just one wedding ring for your love, you can buy multiple rings and each decide on when each decides to wear what the other got them or if they want to claim every finger that's an option. You can have different rings that have special meaning when you are presenting or winning an award. If you have those one's for other occassions then each anniversary should still get a separate one and not every ring has to be a million dollar ring to mean something
i believe there would be a safe dosage that would cause blonde hair in black, white and other race children if adjusted to the correct safe increased dosages of the normal daily intake, i cant find the correct sources as they have been moved from where i found them. There was and i believe still is a tribe of Blacks with Natural Blonde Hair and Blue eyes and if any race consumed that diet they could end up with that result.
These remember these players collect secrets and then learn loving techniques, i also believe there are cable men/ or other variations helping porn, and other wicked hellish things, some to make people open to orgies and various other endeavors. they pretend to be holy or loving and have to even learn from the true loving set, they have books or documents filled with loving information on various people and now with these Governments conducting silent wars, that James bond will marry you to get the mission done for his nation, that women will marry that nations Blue Marvel to set him up to make another nations hero look stronger, or to get land for that nation, be very careful, you have to stop giving into peer pressure, and remember when you go with the flow of the devil all of yall of flowing towards hell fire!
Dear Divine Creator I your humble Preacher Kwame is tired i had doubts about cases but now i am certain, What Happened to Mozart can be applied to every profession. This is a world wide problem and Many people and even children are willing to let themselves be used or are sometimes the instigators, but the adults so wicked they let them carry out that plan so that they end up with what they want. Many people will sabotage those who have been sent to do holy Work attack and sabotage just to get in these places because they know the Power of the Divine Creator. Other Religions Claiming to represent you all have used ethics and tactics that are more demonic than Holy and it is a reason y'all have to hide what yall do and cant do it in public so people know what y'all really are. Would anything Divine truly use those methods and tactics to achieve Holy goals? The Creator does not want you to kill others with your sacrifice make a non life taking sacrifice, and please remember those religions that willingly sacrifice-(kill, set up) their children to their God(s)
So Divine Creator says the Inter versions of Emperor is Interor, Empress is Interess, Intering is King, and Interueen is Queen.
So at Kaleidoscope we Preach Honesty Always, a person that has only used sex toys without another's assistance is still a virgin but a person that allows any other person to use a sex toy on them even without any other interaction cannot be defined as a virgin because they still had an intimate encounter with another person. We will not follow the Born again virgin theory but we will promote our congregation to be honest because dealing with what happened builds a trusting bond that is broken and starts to erode the trust in anything else you were saying when that lie is revealed.
Can a polyamorous Preacher or spiritual person with high honest numbers explain their distinct respect difference between them and a babbit? Can a Loving set of the Variations of Polygamous and Polyandry Preachers or Spiritual Married sets explain their Loving difference from the Forced ones? and of all the loving respectful variations can you defend your loving stance respectfully?
My Mother's father was not just a Preacher he was a Officer, farmer, and father, so how many of these Preachers deserve to sit high and mighty just to Preach. Jesus was a carpenter, need i go on?
Look at this example humans from these false Religions will let Female Dogs get ganged by a bunch of male dogs she doesnt want but would punish the male dog for being gay.
Who is bold enough to swear before one of the Anubis Equivalent Judges to swear that, that so sinless first stone thrower and all the others were sinless stone throwers because only the sinless cast stones? ask the Person who delivered you that messaged if they are willing to be judged before you cast in front of others?
We have to remember how dangerous this Society is and that there are parents who are willing to use their children to either force someone to look like a pedophile or go as for as to encourage them to allow it to happen so that they can sue for the money never valuing that child but using that child as an object to acquire wealth. Now if they are willing to allow them to do things with older to get money what will they allow those type to do with their own age from too early? or to get that Child Stars money or mind to be controlled?
In one of the Ancient African Stories their version of the creator had a wife and she was raped by her son, that creator did not kill either so who beneath should kill?
Torture is not only immoral and ineffective, but it is also illegal. It is simply wrong. That’s why more than 170 states, including the USA and UK, have signed the United Nations Convention Against Torture. The international community and law could not be clearer in their opposition to torture – and waterboarding is no exception. there are tortures that they have developed where even the strongest minds resist but they keep them fighting so long, that they get tired this is a danger zone and the most disrespectful and evil use of hypnotism. if someone is naturally LGBT or Inter any use of these techniques are heavenly War Crimes and if any from Earth want to get to Heaven's gates they will start taking their two steps or continue to do so. for some to understand you will be trapped in the MOjoverse
Remember certain people with a divine gift that are using it in a disrespectful act of personal superiority to alter the Divine Creators plan to will it to your personal vision of a perfect existence. In Africa and i am 100 percent certain some of these cases or inter and LGBT or straight ally have been early before they even comprehend who they are. they are led in many different directions used to follow resources to demonic entities. in Africa General Bucknaked was mind washed to become a cannibal, he tried to refuse to eat a child that his mother offered to him as her sacrifice to win the war. in story the Iliad or movie Troy Agamemnon sacrificed his daughter to win the war. good luck and do well.
Police, Government, and other evil minded organizations have been illegally training their soldiers, while disabling others from learning and teaching criminals and war criminals peaceful religious Buddhist teachings lead to kung fu, her wu shu, karate, ninjitzu, anyone using these techniques for evil are committing Heavenly war crimes which should translate to human war crimes.
remember if you are an inter and she tries to fight you, you are in your legal right to deliver equal retribution also many brainwashed male tricked inters if she sends him for you get him and her back equally you can have children but they are trying to engineer reality in woman and man only and try to bow to each other while sacrificing your existence while always needing you to exist for them to even be here in the first place you do not need to be 100 female to breed that is these retarded straights sabotaging existence
for the Transgenders if you start defending the Inters who if they mature properly and are given proper medical attention without the male / female dominated mindset do you realize we would find a way to make yall easier, if we can get an inter to naturally give birth while having both the clues to your variation will be easier i promise you. and for the male who want to give birth remember their are species and some over history females who give birth through the anus.
this is Kwame Mandela Sekou Hanna and i am publicly asking, Is any Human rights respecting country willing to help me relocate Please the Bahamas has no legal authrotiy to deny me if i was crazy wouldnt your psychologist be able to help me or assess if i am? Who claims to represent Human rights any where ? I promise to work and live honestly and pay back your effort for getting me to a Human rights respecting nation! i am a 44 year old man who alive can make decisions for me and why and who is telling you why?
Warning Adult Information below and even if 18 Please Seriously Consider Waiting Until Marriage
Love Making Education
As we journey through life we see sex and reproduction started in nature and the animals in a way that is barbaric. This also the case in humans who have been genetically given a longer maturation period and a less amount of reproduction. This evolution is showing us that the Divine Creator is trying to move us to being more than being just tools of reproduction for a ecosystem. When you look at it each of the animals had a responsibility or inspite of themselves were used to maintain an environment. Now Even though things were barbaric some of those early animals like wolves and love birds mate for life. The Lion kills every other male to get every other female for itself-now is that a loving animal and how can a brother of a lion trust a brother who is willing to do that. In women most times their first sexual experience is painful but with time and patience and this is the same thing with Gay men it improves. Society has forced Gay men to make themselves either a top or bottom, and that is up to you as we are all our own individual's, in my opinion the best balance in a gay relationship is a Versatile and a Versatile, where both can please each other in multiple ways while never having to make someone submit or to dominate them to feel self worth. people who have Anal sex remember the colon is as long as a football field and the portion gay people use is where it is never stored but your body gives you a signal when it needs to get out but like everyone cleaning is necessary. A cleaning tip is throughout the course of the day and this saves many underwear's is to wipe every time you feel it itch, damping a tissue helps when you don't have the correct cleaning aid, and also learn your body regular conversion contribution and certain smells can alert you to certain imbalances in your diet.
LGBT we need our own sports leagues so our atheletes can become what they truly can be, do you think these atheles can be as good as they can be if they had to live in the LGBT backed sports leagues straight allies are welcome.there atheletes wont ever be better than ours but they cheated from their potential is a sport worth true love?
if anyone in any legal position in my own family wants to say i am crazy can she face me in court ? where i represent myself with a human rights judge?
what are you willing to let someone ethically do or what would you honestly do to attain true love, if you had all the ability in the world or the worse disability should that make you take measures to be with your soulmate and would you want your soulmate to do what you would do? and say you can be trusted around marriage if you cant keep your vows or can you trust that wedding? some people have had incidents of sexual violations of spousal betrayl even at the wedding
We need those other Commandments those bashment fools Moses broke in Anger, though shalt not Molest, though shalt not rape and there are several others that are illegible on remains from relics found with language of Amharic origins.
The Male Pastor Rolle who could produce Breast Milk and had to go to England at a young Age Remember who is the Divine Creator to stop the Children of God hurting that Inter Descendent that is going to emerge from your line at some points.
And so that wb frog hidden talent parable needs to be taught too many different disciplines, if you watched that HBO gladiator series, do you think that they weren't raped by female elites, do you think your fighting to beat up people who would be your friends to keep you from who you love so they make you kill others with your skill level while taking it from you but only when they want and decide and giving you the poorest conditions that can be in a Matriarchy society? how that feel it at 18 when it ain yours?
As war Criminals have been Punished for Using Child Soldiers, Religions have to Remember the Creator would never allow a child to Kill, if the Commandment said Though shalt not Kill which in many of the Abrahamic Faith, those children have no holy grounds to kill another child. If the Creator Said Though Shalt Not kill and a preacher, or anyone blessed it as holy, you have Broken. any religious representative over history who has now ever said they have been allowed to condemn death while in any of the Abrahamic Faith I command you Know with the Power and Authority Granted to me By the Divine Creator to charge any Member of those Religions who have Blessed any death of another Religion or sexual preference among other Sins. I have warned yall time and Again, Once Again Jesus Said do not Judge and never Place Me above the Creator what has been publicly historcially been done time and again. They Are Guilty of Breaking the Sixth Commandment and have lied about who blessed those deaths from any of those religions as the 6th Commandment unless they chang it now in all of them or where ever orde it is, it is that Though Shalt Not Kill, and he has not sinned cast the first stone so any sinner who has casted a stone as a judge has broken the 6th Commandment in all of those faiths. Shall we all Bow Down to the DIvine Creator and Repent, and each individual take your two steps toward repentance.
Why are sooooooooo many LGBT social media websites hacked so straight media can be placed without that being illegal? Why are straights able to go on to LGBT social media websites and pretend to Be LGBT members and push people to either being with who will pretend to be LGBT? and will die like a zealot that will blow up innocents just to get their personal 50 virgins? Why are straights allowed not go to work in proper jobs where they do anything but decide who breeds with whom but then that changes depending on weight or physical or IQ transfer for the Child some women want a child from a man so bad she will do anything to have a child for him while never loving him as a person himself in a relationship but just to be able to capture what she values about his abilities to be able to mix her genes with? Why are Women absolved from raping and not accepting a no is a no how come a women can turn a man down but its a problem if he turns her down this is insanity in its very definition!!!! Why is she allowed to get mad at men for picking someone else and its a problem when she is in that scenario and is the only one society fights and protects is that moral in any way. Why are we Using the Bible in Courts instead of forcing every citizen to take lie detector tests? even if we had an absolute correct religion to be fair to existence a lie detector test should be the only way testimony is ever usable in any sensible and moral court of Law? Should a Jew always have to swear by the King James Bible in court? Can a Christian than swear that Jew would be 100% Honest and who is going to keep testing faith when we need the truth and good moral things to happen continually!!!! if men have a certain amount of children without raising them shouldnt there be a limit or strike count where they should be forcefully sterilized as men can produce until 70 and that is too dangerous to society when 70 year old men chase and have 18 year old women and men and most dont go after their own age. Each Blond Man that i ever thought of dating were my age or a few years age difference. Check my search history alllllllllllllllll time and can you at one time in our existence say without lying that i look at child pornography? Can a young Child ever say Kwame pursued them for Sexual Favors and say that and take a lie detector test that is not faked or assisted in covering the results as they try sooo many things time and again to sabotage my career, love life and mind on a daily basis? Can any woman honestly say i tried to rape her without it being false and planned? If i was able to lift you in public in front of people in the same way i did in a playful argument in a room what is the difference? Did i go any further? if you have been on dates several times can a attractive advance even be called sexual assault unless you said no and the person continued or you said stop and then that person continued, did you say either but fact of the matter that what was not a sexual advance and was just clumsily playful when u started screaming through school, i will be lied about as one, as people don't want to work or earn fairly or are doing things in silly ways for false religions, I have turned down threesomes because people where too drunk, to let alone ever take what is not given to me. The worse part is the type that tries to sue me have people who do worse things to them than i ever did but will never seek any punishment or financial gain there but specifically for me and my Kind. Go work and stop trying to sue to just lay around shop and spend.
Jesus when ya dumb ya dangerous i did something i still regret it but just realized it was legal damn, years torturing myself over that feels horrifying when you understand all the facts. even if you ain a lawyer always study enough law. especially when i was leaving told the person who invited them there not to, so they called me into fix something i lied to get out and they asked to light a j we blazed, i left and went to my room, and did not invite anyone after me and was followed to my bed room. she was already sleeping around with a guy who is like 50 or older for drugs and money so i want see if they gone after him like eryone punish me
All my life i have hated when puberty changed my body and i developed man boobs and one of my biggest regrets was getting liposuction as it grew back to the same size no matter how much exercise i did and when i realize the Creator is Actually an Intersex i feel silly for worrying about having man boobs. When you notice some women can look more masculine and be straight, some men can genetically look feminine no matter how straight he is, some men have bigger hips than women, some women grow beards and mustaches and vice versa (feminine appearance will never dictate sexual preference as some individual's are asexual as well, hip size will never dictate an individual's preference unless its the individual(s) they love or the other polyamory and other variations of relationships interests) and then when you realize from probably cave man days the Inters existed you should feel silly complaining about your personal unique variation of what is and always be the first gender. The Egyptian religion is wrong to me because who they claimed ruled killed the inters who came before because they called it confusion.
Remember how far things will go for power in this life men and women will sacrifice themselves sexually for power and privilege, Hate criminals will sacrifice their bodies for false religious causes, from the straight to the gay they will sacrifice you having a normal sex life when they are not attracted to you, do you think the amount a person sleeps with or how attractive who they select to the world always makes them the most talented, what they have been getting away with on this planet is insanely criminal. Women who hate that the bi or gay guy who keep thinking he is ninja jeff while being caught since Before Christ days keep sacrificing everyone to keep their cover. a women will even be with a man for a lifetime who she does not love in order to make sure an LGBT or straight person member does not get the relationship that is best for them but steer them to relationships they dont want to deflect attention back to them. Women and Men Sacrifice Artistic Credibility for false causes. Certain Producers wont produce certain artists songs unless they have sex with them or who they decide they should while forcing people to be desperate. Do you think Kat Williams was Lying? People control who is in government by if that person is down with sleeping with who they need to get the win or secure the business transaction and or that depending they marry and stay married to exactly who they want them to. People force people to live and die alone because they dont choose who the group wants them to and when each is given free will, then how and when did that get replaced by group will? A women who rapes gets an equal sin weight to a man that rapes, the creator is both and does not have to produce male and female to create or start creation anywhere only us humans have to do that. People have been faking reality tv since its inception. Humans use peer pressure and group psychological tactics to get what they want. Men and Women are so crazy they would sacrifice the truths they know in my religion to get what they want or only fake enough to get close enough to establish themselves in keep points to go back to the same garbage after they set it up and sacrifice themselves or help organize its destruction. To prove it is the Creator it has to be able to become a man or women at will and be both at the same time; male or female does not erase that we have always had Human inters and we did not evolve to have them they were here before us. Remember Atheist have no Problem pretending to Be the Divine Creator ("God(s)" )The Oldest Life form on this Planet is a Polyp and that reproduces asexually. Remember some Black men teach themselves and others they are God(s) so see no problem in telling you something to get what they want from you. People will pretend to be Jesus when they don't believe or when they are so obsessed with what they are doing that they are blinded to the moral ways of life. The Sea horse Male Carries the eggs, don't let them damn you to make you fake Satan's signs in a foolishly false and egotistical effort. some people save themselves just so they can sell themselves to the highest bidder and then disrespect those that do that openly. Be careful certain filmmakers from directors to actors some people keep you alone and away from who would love you so they can set you up and make you desperate enough to offer your skills for sexual favors from them in exchange for roles in your or their stories. Some organizations keep using stories stolen from other people or set other people up so that people use elements of their story to add to theirs. They rush to get their version out first so that it kills the buzz and effect of your story while stealing key elements that are the only thing that keep what they do going. As people do so many things to me in public they have called me small doggie because i want to be with one with all the things i can do, if i was straight they would have allowed my success but because i am gay and especially because i have a preference that i am to be in a gay monogamous relationship they want to hide how good i am so that they falsely create someone who cannot do all the things i do by myself to help sway public opinion and i dont mind and only creating the Messages when i feel the Creator demands me to. Most Black gay men pull my support because i prefer white does my personal preference affects everyone else's decisions and who they pick and are you being an Individual if you do, be careful who teaches these acting methods many who dont comprehend the arts and sciences have gain these positions through brute force and actually do an intentional disservice to the art form so that they sacrifice it for the win for their "religious" filmed pieces . Would any Good, Moral an ethical Creator, encourage us to do that? Why do people think that because a man is Gay he has to hate women? We also have to stop these straights with forcing the gays who are out to only be representations of a male and female to make these things feel comfortable about themselves. Like it always has to be a top and a bottom and then that one who is top must always be masculine and the leader and the bottom always feminine and submissive to make these hateful unloving things ruin existence with foolishness!
No One can just repent and be automatically absolved, when you repent that is the start or continuation of you caring out the steps necessary to earn forgiveness. When i personally made a sinful blunder i went to turn myself into the police because i hated myself for what i did, then found online classes to rehabilitate for offences and bad habits. No one should ever be able to just say a person repents and is forgiven unless those steps were taken and we Have to remember the Creator has been watching and raising species for Possibly Billions of years or Possibly more and will always know what we do, so lie to yourself, but please remember it is the Divine Creators Judges' that will have the final say!
This is Why i feel i should not ever call myself the Greatest of All time, the Creator is the Greatest and no matter how flawless another being is in appearance or achievement it can never top waking up to breath exist and try. So to me the Divine Creator is always the GOAT. Some Basketball Fans Should call the Candian Naismith better than any player because no matter how you come to shine or dominate at it, did you create it in the first place? and what have you created that is on an equal level we all have to humble our selves. Naismith has to give credit to the Native Indians who had a soccer type game with hoops like Basketball but at a different angle so even Naismith cant jump and take to much credit there.
How do you think those Comedians feel about the value of their success and actual level of funniness when they realize a joke is literally only being laughed at because someone hates someone soo much anything that disses them they will publicly exaggerate their laugh and your joke does not even have an artistic comedic value anymore and is a social hate criminal weapon? How about at certain occasions they wont even find you funny without it being a public showing?
This is main stance and argumentative resistance to the acceptance or joining with the other religions and why i decided to create a religious theory that i feel is more in line with the thoughts, will, and parables of the Divine Creator! I believe the Creator would like those who are straight to be more of a straight ally type or nonviolent silent protestor as love should always be the deciding factor in a Union. Here are two arguments for this stance. First is a male or female who can't have children worthy of marriage, or the right to continue to live? If your arguments that sex is for creation alone then those who are born baron should not be engaging in sex and does that make any sense? They have the right to either still try or not try to have a child that is always their individual choice. If a person can only have disabled children, are they any less worthy of love? Why is the creation of a child the best expression of love? Having children is one of the best aspects of existence but it does not trump true love. In any marriage the relationship should trump your parents, family members, or your children and every other friend, the sensible spouse comes first and is always the only one you should be in love with I also feel we need to follow some of the Greek Philosophers word variations or create alternative variations as the one you are in love with some have a more caring and affection term of endearment than the loving care of the Creator, family, friends and others.
This is where we disagree on the interpretation of hell with the Kaleidoscope interpretation the Hell Captain is not something like Satan, Hades, or Hella, or several other interpretations. Anubis is a closer interpretation than many realize as even though that Divine being has that look it is of Divine birth and is not evil in nature but a judge of good and evil. So the Hell Captain would contain things like Satan, Hades, Hella, and their multitudes of human variations in the safest environment to protect them from those that need to do the good work of the Creator. They would be in hell as a last attempt to get them to truly atone and not just fake it but to prove it for eternity. Here is where I also agree with the Anubis type as a closer interpretation of a Hell Captain or one of the Divine Beings that judge those that enter hell as the Divine Creator does not equate all sins as equal and it is not one sin alone that condemns you but the weight of adding continual sins that damns your soul or increases the weight of your sins and your corresponding Hell sentence.
For those who want to choose a soulmate for real and not just in title alone you must truly understand the responsibilities that come with that actual true connection. When you are from the LGBT and even when straights who are picking one for eternity or you are waiting until the divine creator provides you with something more humane or angelic you must remember a soulmate would be one person for eternity in heaven. Can you really be with one person for ever and not get bored or tempted enough to cheat or leave. Divorce probably will still occur in Heaven as many down here who promise eternal connection cant last more than a week with out another’s affection. There will be those who will have soulmates and that should not bother or tempt you and you must learn to understand your own loving arrangements individually and with free will. So don't rush to make that decision as to ensure that you don't let those who only wanted to use that title for a rental to gain entrance to your temple and devalue your worth to your soulmate. As on Earth and in Heaven the former soulmate does not keep the title of the other former soulmate that was left and has to move on. Yes i am certain the Divine Creator will allow us to have time to maintain a relationship and it will not be eternal praise and worship all day as i am certain the Creator who will always have to continually maintain existence is too busy to care about sitting down and wanting to be worshiped every second for eternity.
If any child felt the sting of me calling them retarded in my rant i did not mean it literally. I said it intentionally as a verbal sting to let the effects of your personal opinions which are stated publicly daily feel. I did it to protect those children who are verbally abused from the Intersex genders and those that have decided to be LGBT or those that have consideration for that life style. The Creator in the Christian bible said we have free will and no human will or should decide how they chose to see how they best suit themselves to be able to a live as they best see fit. Secondly I did not mean it literally as children with disabilities are not retarded and those without disabilities should not be called retarded and some don’t have the disability people associate with them. I have two disabilities but I have learnt to master them. First I learnt what my disability were and then challenged myself to beat it and pretend to the world as if I did not have them. In Blairwood we had to change the name from DRC because they use to call us dumb retarded children so I know the sting of that diss but please remember when you say god hates how they love, you hurt them even more as I know that to be a bold face lie and I will bet anyone to take that up with the Almighty Divine Creator. Children with learning disabilities can out compete other individuals if they learn to master their disability with patience time and perseverance. A disability will never dictate the quality of an individual or dictate the IQ they can achieve which can outcompete fully functioning human beings
How long will the United Nations allow a religion that has been proven to be a false representation of a true religion to dominate the world? The natural facts of the oldest human ancestor literally proves their doctrines false and nothing other than personal beliefs. Many scriptures are not even originally theirs in the first place but reinterpretations of older religious stories. They claim man comes first but the oldest human ancestor is a African Female. What Moral Grounds do those religions that conduct themselves in criminal ways really have on humans that work at the United Nations? Reality proves those religions wrong and people like to detonate religion when one theory is proven wrong and that is an even greater sin. We all have our own interpretations of the Creator and their is no proof beyond male and female actions that represent those religions belief nothing in the history of evolution agrees with their theories until they literally force it into existence. Nothing in Science, Evolution, and true united human societies ever agrees with those doctrines. The Sodom and Gomorrah will never be a representation of the Monogamous or caring and responsible members LGBT lifestyle and is a hateful attack against societies that support and protect these important segments of reality. What proof do they have to legally and realistically have to be able to say that The Creator whom they call God says that they hate the lgbt. Should any one who supports or agrees with those two segments of the bible which i know to be false be allowed on the United Nations realistically and whose interest will they always protect. How will human rights ever be accepted if specific religious beliefs dominate even the United Nations?
What may dont understand who Judge the Indian honor killings and allow various things to happen to LGBT individuals and what they do to straight allies who support them who are moral and just but have been punish unfairly so, will heavy weights like those false "honor" Murders.
How many can say that i am vain but would not want only me for eternity and then say they could love exactly who i would pick for eternity and love them only them for eternity with as much things as yall know i can do?
Human rights is needed to protect lgbt and Intersex children from the hateful and incorrect opinions of adults and children who abuse these children verbally in ways that if they receive half of what they dish they want to punish on another extreme and non loving or comprehending way. The straights who hate the lgbt want to openly get away with being disrespectful and wanting the ability to fight and punish people for not believing and acting the way they act. This is criminal abuse and in the International Criminal court should punish these nations and the United Nations can add it to that Nations yearly bill for every violation. Those Nations can add the fine that are committed in those nations to those citizens who committed hate crimes to their specific tax bills for their contributions to that Nation. Nations should hold citizens responsible for hate crimes against tourist by adding their fine to their tax bill. Even if that nation does not agree with human rights it still must be fined or taxed for these criminal behaviors and actions. Human rights is deserving to every citizen of Earth no matter the opinions of the majority of the population. In some case to teach those offending children a lesson as sometimes those children come from loving and respectful families those fines should be add to that child's future tax bill when they reach tax paying age so that they make up for their own specific mistake.
as a psychological test to prove the effects of the straight abuse. first take an honest poll of the LGBT population and record how many times per day and per week for their life span that they have to experience extremely hateful and incorrect views and opinions. Now at varying stages expose adults to half a day of what one member of an LGBT has to go through and then test their psychological health and various other health factors. Now simply imagine children who will always be LGBT no matter the rehabilitation and abuse they go through and the effects they feel at such a young age. Check what certain teachers will allow to happen to them during class and during lunch breaks. We may also need to check the populations of female prostitutes and if they had signs of lesbian or bi tendencies that were identified from childhood and then steered in that direction
For those nurturing the sacred intention of preserving themselves for marriage, heed this: silence the seductive whispers that claim experience is the prerequisite for marital joy. Many who succumbed to this deceit found their initial encounter far from blissful, a violation of their own reverence for their bodies. Pushed beyond initial discomfort, they chased a fleeting pleasure, a distorted echo of their intended intimacy. True lovemaking, a dance of souls, transcends borrowed knowledge. For two virgins, the Kama Sutra, or similar mature guides, offers instruction, but the true lesson lies in the connection with your soulmate. It is in their arms, and theirs alone, that you will unlock the deepest understanding of their desires and your own capacity for bliss. Imagine the union of two souls, particularly for those with receptive bodies. Picture the intimate dance, the forging of a bond unique and profound. Your very being molds itself to your soulmate, with genuine love and effort, will unleash an orgasm of unparalleled depth and intensity. I dare you to compare it to any fleeting pleasure of the past. Even if past experiences have shaped your journey, a conscious return to purity, coupled with a loving bond, can reignite this profound connection. A scent, a subtle yet undeniable signature, distinguishes those who have known many from those who have shared themselves sparingly. Trust in the power of a singular, sacred union to unlock the ultimate ecstasy, an experience reserved for the soulmate, the one.
The self-proclaimed righteous clutch their doctrine, wielding the argument that the sacred purpose of male ejaculate is solely for procreation. They demand adherence, yet their pronouncements reek of hypocrisy. If their conviction holds true, then let their actions mirror their words. Let them confine intimacy to the sole act of conception, banning any expression that deviates from this narrow path. For them, pleasure divorced from potential offspring must be forbidden. But this pious stance crumbles upon inspection. It’s a gilded cage built on a foundation of greed, not grace. Consider the countless heterosexual couples, hearts yearning for children, yet biology cruelly denies them this dream. Does their inability to procreate diminish their worth? Do their fully functioning bodies forfeit their right to intimacy, to connection, to joy? Are they somehow less deserving of life, love, and physical expression because they cannot fulfill this single, arbitrary definition of existence? Their sterile pronouncements ignore the tapestry of human experience, woven with threads of love, desire, and connection that transcend the biological imperative. They seek to control, to judge, to force a rigid mold upon a world brimming with vibrant diversity.
The weight of the world presses down, a suffocating blanket woven with fear and prejudice. It's a world where innocence is a target, where the tender hearts of children are vulnerable to unspeakable acts simply for being who they are. The specter of violence, the chilling reality of abuse, hangs heavy in the air, fueled by ignorance and hate. For those who live in the shadows, concealing their true selves, the fear is a constant companion. They are watched, scrutinized, judged by eyes that see only what they want to see. The promise of acceptance can be a cruel mirage, a carefully constructed trap designed to shatter lives. Faced with this evil, decisions will continually be made, born not of selfishness, but of profound love and protectiveness. A conscious choice to abstain, to refuse to bring new life into a world so readily capable of inflicting pain. It's a path of renunciation, a vow to safeguard future generations from the potential horrors that lurk in the hearts of humankind. This is the path of the monk, a sanctuary built on the bedrock of compassion and the unwavering commitment to prevent harm.
The air hangs thick with injustice, a suffocating miasma of forced compliance. Imagine a world twisted into a grotesque caricature of itself, where love is not a sanctuary but a battleground. A lesbian, her heart a compass pointing steadfastly towards the solace of female companionship, is brutally violated, her choices torn asunder. Her body, a vessel of desire for one, becomes a plaything for many, a canvas upon which the whims of a cruel collective are painted. And the ultimate violation: forced into the arms of a man, her very essence denied, her soul screaming in protest. The same agonizing script unfolds for a gay man, whose monogamous spirit yearns for the quiet intimacy of a single, loving partner. Instead, he's thrust into a maelstrom of forced encounters, his body a pawn in a game of ego-stroking and power. His longing for connection is mocked, replaced by the cold, empty sensation of forced intimacy. Then, the final indignity: compelled to couple with a woman, his desire irrelevant, his autonomy stripped away. This isn't a diss on any lifestyle, but a scream against the perversion of choice. Each individual life is a precious, fleeting gift, and the freedom to love authentically should be sacrosanct. Yet, even within the boundaries of heterosexual relationships, preferences exist - attractions to particular personalities, distinct physical features. Across races, this truth holds. No single race suffers a dearth of its own to love and be loved by. So, when a Black individual is met with hostility for choosing a partner of a different race, the prejudice is palpable, the ignorance deafening. To deny someone's choice of love is to deny their very humanity. Love knows no color line; it is the purest expression of free will. Consider the man, regardless of his race, who consistently seeks a specific type of partner, even in the face of heartbreak. Is he insane? Of course not. It's a preference, a magnetic pull towards a certain type of connection.Choosing outside of your race is one of the gifts of the creator called free will. If a black man only like black women and no matter how many times it ends and he goes after another black women is he crazy? Of course not! if a black man only likes mango skin women is he crazy? if a mango skin black man only likes dark skinned women is he crazy? If a white man goes after a white lady and it keeps going wrong but he keeps pursuing that is he crazy? is a white man who only likes women of other colors crazy because he does not want white women? Is a White man who likes only blond women is he crazy if he always goes after blonds? If a brunette only went after brunettes and some work out and some don’t is he crazy because that’s his attraction type. Has sense slapped yall yet. We have to stop the criminal procedures going on in society and psychology clinics as they try to help force decisions that we have the free will to choose. Is a man who only loves blonds crazy? No. It's his preference. We need to end the social and criminal attempts to force decisions away from the individual and to the collective. It is time for our society to confront the insidious prejudice that lurks beneath the surface and embrace the inherent right to choose one's own path to love and happiness. It is time to dismantle the systems that seek to control and manipulate our deepest desires, and champion the freedom of the human heart.
I would like to publicly challenge why we pass gas and i believe the old notions of it being the body getting rid of excess toxins to be a lie. Here is my evidence why i believe there facts to be a lie. Everytime we take a breathe in our mouths or through our nose we take in air not just to our lungs but some stays in our stomach. That excess air going in our stomach helps push the food down the digestive system. when we pass gas most times i believe it is mostly the excess oxygen. There would be some gas conversion when the food is broken down and that will be the gas difference i believe most gas that is passed will be mostly oxygen based. When you realize how long you can leave vegetables or fruit out in the heat without it starting to stink you tell me the secret. How long is some food in the human digestive system? Why do people need things to help clear that passage and how long can some of that have been in there? How hot is the human body temperature for the course of a day? now some food stays in your system two weeks or longer. Now put any meat out of the fridge or at human body temperature for three to four days and then two weeks. Do you realize where that smell is really coming from? Can a Blech smell as bad as a fart? and does the blech contain the same gas as a fart? Now when my facts are proven true how long will straight society hide the truth in science and medicine so that they can force more LGBT people to be more disgusted with ourselves than we should be?
This is some advice to future and current lgbt parents and parents of lgbt teenagers. With straights, dating starts at the age of 13 and for some straights it happens earlier and this is allowed and nurtured in certain straight families. Now this does not always work out as many times you have to date many times in your life before you find the one. I am saying this to say one thing, some of those early straight relationships work out and last for their lifetime. When carefully observed and protected until they reach adult age, allowing them to do age appropriate dating needs to be allowed and monitored among our own lgbt parents and we need to recruit more straight ally parents to stop having to force them to sneak and date. The forced loneliness affects how their personality develops and limits their dating chances later in life. The sneak dating's in the LGBT are dangerous as others want to join in and in the height of ecstasy many people do things they would not do if not put in that position and they do regret it. the sneak dating makes them rush more to achieve things needed to be reached at later stages in life. this advice comes with a heavy emphasis about waiting for the one. the Oversexualization of the LGBT is intentional to prove that it is not love and many who get the spotlight don't realize that sad fact. Some individuals report experiencing their first love at a very young age, even as young as 7 or 8 years old. A study by the plansponsor found that about 10% of respondents said they fell in love between the ages of 5 and 10. Others have reported falling in love as young as 10 or 11. From the Earliest time recorded of the love interest in straights those ages are viewed as cute and normal for them to be in love and most often never demonized. When those age ranges change to the LGBT Population it is considered inappropriate or diagnosed as a mental disorders Through religious stories these straight families and their children are exposed to relationship "stories" and warnings. We need this in the LGBT and Straight ally religious and spiritual theories and beliefs that need to continue as in the past earlier theories were destoryed so that they did not contrdict. The straights have cartoon and entertainment like Cinderella the Princess and the Frog that they show to children some even from the cradle lol i run out but i say this to say the LGBT Needs age appropriate love stories. think about how early the straight parents allow their children to see age appropriate but still dating or relationship based love stories. to build and maintain the love in the hearts of the young lgbt we need age appropriate material that is inclusive of straight ally stories. When the UN protects the Development of the human personality they have to establish and remember when that personality understands what it is from what age and only the good responsible aspects of that personality need to be encouraged. Those Religious stories and of respected Kings, husbands, and noble mothers where based on real stories with sugar coating so if you are a LGBT who has a loving experience why couldnt your love story be added to a Kaleidoscope chapter or any other LGBT Spiritual or religious theory why aren't any of you worthy? and who is saying so?
Side Note my attraction to blond men was evident from Queen's College Grade 1 year book picture but that is not who i want to match with. I am saying this to say i am naturally most attracted to a blond man and i hope this does not offend people and since i am going to pick one this is my most likely choice unless an epic blunder. That picture is proof of a natural attraction that gets attacked when i get to close and it is not an obsession but a natural attraction even when i tried to switch it i first switched it to a blond woman. I have not focused on one individual for most of my life and have my share of experience and in an isolated encounter with which i was most attracted to a blond man and regretted not pursuing that as i messed it up before i left Canada and wanted to go back to that at the age of 30 never having chased anyone of that hair type but knowing an attraction to it. I have also secured several on websites later that i would like but as i was unsure they hated when i kept backing out as the manipulation to control my attraction continues. and Chapelle if the black race trade me the Chinese race gotta take you to. Black and black relationships and beautiful and most be encouraged but in naturally occuring circumstances. Firstly the race other than Blacks that has helped the black cause the most even though more of them hate us is still the white race. Black Interracial couples have blessed the Bahamas and the world from the dawn of time so lets stop being ignorant. People need to let loving individual choices be made and i am not going to have to force or trick a quality blond man to love me the way i need and my choice should not affect how you choose or who you choose, please remember you is you. Will each race continue to diminish the quality and contributions of those that loved another race. Why does Serena lose credibility amongst blacks because of her loving choice? My fellow Bahamians would trade Jonquel because she is a Lesbian and still wont support her on the level she deserves.
As an intentional oath to love i am boycotting eating rice because we throw rice at marriage and i am 44 years old so i wont enjoy eating rice until i am happily married i hope others that cant make a loving choice walk with me on this boycott.
A chilling betrayal stains the soul of humanity: the deliberate sacrifice of the Creator's true essence for the fleeting allure of personal gain. It's a profound transgression, a self-serving act cloaked in the fallacy of humanizing the Divine or limiting the Infinite to mere descriptions. A disturbing number of individuals readily barter the precious signs of life itself for the transient satisfaction of their desires. The United Nations' tolerance of these corrupted religious institutions, propped up by a staggering 90% of adherents who cherry-pick tenets to suit their whims, is a grave misstep. They permit nations riddled with theological inconsistencies to flourish, failing to hold accountable those who outwardly promote these beliefs while indulging in hidden sins, relegating faith to a mere Sunday performance. Driven by lust, many men, atheists at their core, feign devotion, knowing these compromised faiths offer access to women. Likewise, countless women, aware of the deceit, betray the Creator's will for their own ambition. The elevation of Jesus above the Creator is a blatant act of misplaced worship, a testament to the human focus obscuring the Divine. How could any human achieve more for us than the Creator? Women willingly suppress their power and disrespect the Creator. These same people who will blame the confusion of not having one of the human genders assigned to the Creator on the transgender who will still come here no matter what they do. Expect a calculated, manipulative response when tragedy befalls the LGBT community. These man-worshipping religions will shamelessly exploit or fabricate scenarios to diminish public sympathy and stop feeling sorry for the LGBT community. The United Nations bears the responsibility to penalize the transgressions of those within these religions when their actions contradict the very doctrines they profess to uphold. A close examination of these religious leaders reveals a pervasive pattern of hidden sins, casting a dark shadow on their authority. The time for unchecked hypocrisy is over; accountability must prevail.
The Divine Creator is watching and on Earth those that have taken charge of religion will make you feel we are the first or even among the favorite of the creators existence. They killed scientist that disproved their false facts, and then will even go as far as to say religion doesn’t exist in the same way as reality has been showing us lessons. We like to act like we are the first doctors and pharmacist. Monkeys, apes and other species before us used leaves or other things for medicine. What are the ingredients in every medication that will ever work. Beavers built the first damns. You are a fool if you think the cave man did not learn to evolve houses from even just the bird nest. To me one of the Greatest sins will always be by the followers of man or any one that claim that the father is the main or strongest element or reason for existence. Those with that Manish claim are sinning of the highest order and even watch the failures when they try to forcefully make that plant male or species to match their claims. They will literally kill or erase reality facts to fake claims. Any of them that ever say the father or mother is the origin are sinners when the Inter is first and male and female the derivative. To claim or even try to use the Marijuana plant which is of Hermaphrodite or intersex origin so those that put man as the head of existence or in a negative balance of the true nature of that divine gift. Astronomical Facts will teach you we are among the youngest portion of even our own small solar system within a galaxy within a Universe with 13 Trillion Suns and now our one sun has 8 or 9 planets so then do the Math on 13 trillion and preach with facts that only the Earth's Sun among 13 Trillion Sun's is the only one with life. They are lying if they open their mouth and say that we are the favorite or the first yall can run ya mouth on Earth but that will never make us ever even be the oldest or most important portion of even the milky way let alone our Universe.
Kaleidoscope Theory
The Birds and the Bees and the steps towards and before a Nest!
Parents or Guardians Please read before allowing below the age of 16 to read
The grand design of existence, orchestrated by the Creator, unfolds in a series of distinct stages, much like the levels in a video game or the rounds of a competition. From the earliest pixelated tutorial, where you fumble with controls and learn the basic rules, to the later, master-level challenges, video games mirror our own journey. Similarly, competitions demand we prove our mettle, ascending through ranks by demonstrating skill and dedication. The human life cycle itself is a testament to this staged progression: from the hushed miracle of prenatal development to the fragile wonder of infancy, the unsteady steps of toddlerhood, the inquisitive explorations of childhood, the tumultuous transformations of adolescence, the ambitious pursuits of early adulthood, the reflective introspection of middle age, and the golden years of late adulthood. Each phase is etched with unique physical, cognitive, and psychosocial milestones. Recognizing the delicate dance of creation, the Creator understands the vital need for nurturing and safe spaces during the nascent stages. These are the formative years, demanding care and attention to allow the full potential of a being to blossom before facing the complexities of life. Certain responsibilities, like those involving the creation of new life, demand immense investments of time, money, effort, and unwavering dedication. This gravity of responsibility must be understood from the very genesis of existence, a guiding principle until the transition through the Heavenly gates. Time is a sacred resource, essential for personal growth, the mastery of education, or the honing of talents. This understanding highlights the grave transgression of molestation, a sin of immense weight that will be met with divine retribution, especially when perpetrated by an older individual against a younger one. Even consensual acts before the age of eighteen are deemed irresponsible and impetuous. The female body typically reaches its full maturity around eighteen, and while some may appear more mature at a younger age, their developmental cycle remains incomplete. For men, full development often stretches until the age of twenty-five. Premature or excessive sexual activity can disrupt this delicate balance, hindering physical and mental development and limiting the potential for peak performance. While premarital sex is not a sin that bars entry to Heaven, it can lead down a path of temptations and ultimately to sins that will. Marriage, forged in love and commitment, provides the most profound and fulfilling sexual experience. Variations in marriage should be allowed, as the Creator respects loving and honorable unions in all their forms. The traditional straight marriage is essential, and room must be made for individuals with multiple loving partners, as the Creator honors. Furthermore, the spectrum of LGBT relationships must be accepted, as they are part of the Creator's broader lesson in love and relationships, experiences shared by all beings within this vast Universe. While the LGBT community has been heavily sexualized, it is crucial to remember that the deepest fulfillment lies in the loving experience itself, a concept that extends to all forms of connection and devotion.
Black people who hate white people and love the other races more i want to ask you a question. which race by percentage other than blacks has the most black spouses and descendant children? Which race on average other than blacks has more black friends? Which race allows Blacks more significant roles in their films? Which Race would party more with a black crowd on average? Which race has a higher percentage of people who stand up for us publically? Of all the other races it is still a far more majority of whites who treat us like equals than any other race.
Men who naturally like more than one woman let me ask you this question would you really rather kill off men who are gay and naturally increase your numbers without a rival? and if gay men are allowed to get married would that guarantee they are off your love teams radar?
When exploring the animal world we can see the signs of a unique and beautiful existence that contracts the lies others tell in false teachings. Check the Sea horse male for males that give birth. The Male Emperor Penguin cares for the Egg. Check the out Australia there is a Male bird that is the Primary caregiver the female lays the eggs and then he must take care of them and she goes about her business. Check wolves parenting duties are shared. Want to see examples of primates who share parenting duties check the Owl monkeys, marmosets, and tamarins. Want to see female leaders Check the Hyena female who leads the pack. Real life will always contract the forced false understanding of narrow-minded men and their subservient followers.
Parents and Guardians warning This section is for 18 and older
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This piece of life advice from a person who has experienced and observed relationships I would like to implore those of moral and spiritual ways who are Bisexual to read and consider. Now it is My belief and that of others throughout history that would agree with this opinion in varying degrees. For some Bisexual they are more straight and prefer a monogamous marriage and should pursue that straight relationship style for marriage. There are those that are bi and they are either more Lesbian or Gay and are monogamous and should ultimately pursue a Lesbian monogamous or gay monogamous marriage. There are those that are torn in between in the exact way a man can love two women at the same time or more and there are women with that exact same scenario over the spectrums. When you are choosing for love you must match your loving arrangements. Forced marriages never work and kill or dull souls. So there is a marriage arrangement I feel is best suited for those that are bi and religious and it would be the four; two men and two women. There is also a set of holy individuals that are polyamorous and are honest and chose morally with whom they have their private encounters with. Just like we must accept those with vows of life long celibacy, we must respect the right of those to respectfully conduct themselves in their private adult and mutually agreeing situation.
When you are bisexual and understand this from an early age you should wait and you should not test the water with either side. At the Appropriate dating age which in my mind should be 15 and for some who are immature or more patient even later. Women have used sex toys and this has been normalized. This helps women be more patient than men on a day to day basis. Men have been humiliated for using sex toys and manipulated by their hormones as they are not sexually regulated. Men who use sex toys to save their temple for marriage should be honored and never laughed at. having sex with other people will not make you a better or more ideal sexual mate to be with. Think about it realistically can you have as much children as we can actually create. This would be impossible for a trillion different reasons. You should always respect your temple and to me and others it increases the appreciation and value that your soulmate will have for you. So when you are bisexual you should date but never go to far with either side If you are the marrying type. Personality is going to be the deciding factor for you and the personality of the gender you fall in love with While making your loving decision you must factor in love first. For gay and Bi men if you truly love a man we have been blessed and honored by noble mothers who allow surrogate parenting. This should help ease the burden of maintaining family lines while ensuring loving relationships. When you are with the one you love the most you will be the better parent and person and for those who are adult and bi I would like you to test this out. The other option when you are Bisexual is the polygamous marriage arrangements and here is why I say four. Two bi men and two bi women satisfies all the sexual desires of each of those four individuals. That is a loving bond and over time will have a less jealousy inducing scenario than the other number arrangements simply because of the odd man out scenario. This four segment would also be a strong parental unit that allows each of the individuals for time with the children time with the lovers and time for themselves. Those others bi segments mostly love and favor themselves over everything else and only love themselves. There are a few that are bi and love one but are forced to sleep with more and this must stop.
For those who want to choose a soulmate for real and not just in title alone you must truly understand the responsibilities that come with that actual true connection. When you are from the LGBT and even when straights who are picking one for eternity or you are waiting until the divine creator provides you with something more humane or angelic you must remember a soulmate would be one person for eternity in heaven. Can you really be with one person for ever and not get bored or tempted enough to cheat or leave. Divorce probably will still occur in Heaven as many down here who promise eternal connection cant last more than a week with out another’s affection. There will be those will soulmates and that should not bother or tempt you and you must learn to understand your own loving arrangements individually and with free will. As on Earth and in Heaven the former soulmate does not keep the title of the other former soulmate that was left and has to move on.
For those that are Lesbian, gay or are bi or trans non fertile and want to be in a gay or lesbian, or trans inclusive monogamous relationship or marriage the surrogate route is a more noble and morally responsible way to get children.
For those who want to choose a soulmate for real and not just in title alone you must truly understand the responsibilities that come with that actual true connection. When you are from the LGBT and even when straights who are picking one for eternity or you are waiting until the divine creator provides you with something more humane or angelic you must remember a soulmate would be one person for eternity in heaven. Can you really be with one person for ever and not get bored or tempted enough to cheat or leave. Divorce probably will still occur in Heaven as many down here who promise eternal connection cant last more than a week with out another’s affection. There will be those who will have soulmates and that should not bother or tempt you and you must learn to understand your own loving arrangements individually and with free will. So don't rush to make that decision as to ensure that you don't let those who only wanted to use that title for a rental to gain entrance to your temple and devalue your worth to your soulmate. As on Earth and in Heaven the former soulmate does not keep the title of the other former soulmate that was left and has to move on. Yes i am certain the Divine Creator will allow us to have time to maintain a relationship and it will not be eternal praise and worship all day as i am certain the Creator who will always have to continually maintain existence is too busy to care about sitting down and wanting to be worshiped every second for eternity.
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